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admissibility of evidence is preponderance of the evidence.
16
In Davis, the Court noted that the
majority of federal and state courts had applied the preponderance standard in determining
whether forfeiture had occurred.
17
Moreover, in its decision in Giles,
18
despite its disapproval of
California’s failure to consider the defendant’s intent to silence the witness, the Court did not
criticize the California Supreme Court’s application of the preponderance standard. As the Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia observed, imposing a higher “burden of proof on the
government might encourage behavior which strikes at the heart of the justice system itself.”
Devonshire v. United States.
19
o Clear and convincing evidence is the standard in Maryland, New York, Washington, and perhaps
California.
20
The applicable standard in California is not entirely clear, as the “clear and convincing
evidence” standard expressed in the evidence rule is contradicted by the holdings of the California
Supreme Court.
21
o Check your state statutes and case law to be certain which standard applies in your jurisdiction.
Evidentiary Hearings:
o An evidentiary hearing may be held, outside of the presence of the jury, where the prosecution is
given the opportunity to prove by the applicable standard of proof that the defendant intentionally
procured the unavailability of a witness or a victim.
22
o This hearing is generally governed by Fed. R. Evid. 104 or its equivalent,
23
which is the rule that
controls determinations of “preliminary questions,” such as admissibility of evidence. Under that
rule, such hearings must be conducted out of the hearing of the jury. Pursuant to Fed. R. Evid.
104(a), the evidence rules (except for claims of privilege) do not apply. Thus, hearsay (including
the statements sought to be admitted) is admissible in such a preliminary hearing.
24
o Advance notice requirement – When the prosecution seeks to admit hearsay evidence under the
forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine, the rules generally require advance written notice.
25
Even if not
explicitly required by the provisions of the applicable rule, the prosecutor should provide to each
16
Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987).
17
Davis, 547 U.S. at 833.
18
Giles,128 S. Ct. 2678.
19
Devonshire v. United States, 691 A.2d 165 (D.C. 1997) (quoting United States v. Mastrangelo, 693 F.2d 269 (2d Cir. 1982)).
20
MD. CODE ANN., CTS. & JUD. PROC. §10-901 (West 2011); People v. Geraci, 85 N.Y.2d 359, 649 (1995); State v. Mason, 160 Wash. 2d
910 (2007).
21
Section 1350 of the California Evidence Code, which codifies forfeiture by wrongdoing for certain serious felony cases where the
witness’s unavailability is the result of homicide, or kidnapping, explicitly requires a clear and convincing standard of proof.
Nevertheless, the California Supreme Court has, without resolving the apparent conflict, repeatedly stated that the standard of proof
for forfeiture by wrongdoing is a preponderance of the evidence. See People v. Giles, 152 P.3d 433, 436 n.8 (Cal. 2007), vacated, 128
S. Ct. 2678 (2008); People v. Zambrano, 163 P.3d 4, 50 n.21 (Cal. 2007); People v. Banos, 178 Cal.App.4th 483, 492 n.12 (2009)
(declining to resolve apparent conflict, but observing that preponderance of the evidence appears to be the standard under
California law), cert. denied 130 S. Ct. 3289 (2010).
22
United States v. Dhinsa, 243 F.3d 635 (2d Cir. 2001).
23
Some states, such as New Jersey, may have additional requirements for the conduct of the preliminary hearing on forfeiture. In
State v. Byrd, 967 A.2d 285 (N.J. 2009), the New Jersey Supreme Court set out specific requirements for the preliminary hearing on
forfeiture by wrongdoing in addition to what is explicitly required under N.J. R. Evid. 104. Byrd, 967 A.2d at 303-04.
24
Davis, 547 U.S. at 833.
25
E.g., OHIO. R. EVID. 804(b)(6).