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The AGA Analysis
of the Commercial Casino Industry
State of the States 2022
May 2022
Dear Gaming Industry Colleague:
I am pleased to present State of the States 2022:
The AGA Analysis of the Commercial Casino Industry,
the American Gaming Association’s (AGA) signature
research report and the definitive economic analysis of
U.S. commercial gaming in 2021.
Following a devastating year in which COVID-19 closed
our properties and impacted every one of our employees
and customers, we entered 2021 without a historical
roadmap, but with cautious optimism. The pandemic
upended how we do business and what is expected
from us, but the gaming industry rose to the challenge:
attracting new customers, adapting to ever-changing
operational constraints, and expanding into new
states. As a result, 2021 was a record-breaking year
for gaming, with commercial gaming revenue reaching
an annual record of $53 billion, more than 21 percent
above the previous high set in 2019.
Despite continuing pandemic-related uncertainties,
including labor shortages and supply chain issues, our
incredible rate of recovery set us apart from others in the
hospitality sector and the broader economy. Over the past
year, innovation accelerated as suppliers and operators
found new ways to strengthen customer engagement.
This includes the expansion of omnichannel gaming,
giving more consumers access to a truly integrated
gaming experience—one that enables players to interact
with us how, where, and when they want.
As the national gaming landscape expanded into seven
new commercial sports betting markets and two new
iGaming states, the AGA focused on creating an
environment for sustainable growth. We promoted consumer
education with members and sports partners through our
Have A Game Plan®. Bet Responsibly™. campaign, set
standards through the Responsible Marketing Code for
Sports Wagering, and elevated the conversation on our
industry’s commitment to responsibility.
Here in Washington, D.C., we promoted policies to
provide pandemic relief, advocated for reopening
safely to international travelers, and drove support for
legislation to bring back business travel. The AGA also
continued to pursue the repeal of the sports betting
excise tax and made a strategic push to combat
illegal and unregulated gaming machines that are still
pervasive in many states.
Our work to inform and educate the media, policymakers
and gaming stakeholders on industry developments
and trends was bolstered by the launch of the Gaming
Industry CEO Outlook, providing a biannual snapshot of
the current and future economic health of the industry.
This, alongside our other research initiatives, help
inform business and policy decisions and shape the
public narrative around gaming.
Finally, we safely and successfully reconvened the
global gaming industry at Global Gaming Expo (G2E)
2021, where the latest innovations, insights and
technology were showcased at the largest industry
gathering in nearly two years.
Although 2021 was a tumultuous year, I’m confident
it set a new baseline for gaming in the long-term as we
provide consumers with cutting-edge entertainment
and anticipate the full recovery of travel, events, and
entertainment. I look forward to continuing to work with
you to pursue our common priorities.
With detailed information on the U.S. gaming market
and financial performance data for every commercial
gaming state, State of the States 2022 provides the
most comprehensive economic guide to the commercial
casino industry. I would like to thank our partners
at VIXIO GamblingCompliance for their invaluable
collaboration on this seminal report.
I hope you will find this a useful reference and thank
you for your continued partnership and support.
All the best,
William C. Miller, Jr.
President and CEO
American Gaming Association
A Message from the American Gaming Association
2
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
About This Report 4
Executive Summary | State of the Industry 6
State of the States 25
Arizona 26
Arkansas 29
Colorado 32
Connecticut 36
Delaware 38
District of Columbia 41
Florida 43
Illinois 46
Indiana 50
Iowa 53
Kansas 56
Louisiana 59
Maine 62
Maryland 65
Massachusetts 68
Michigan 71
Mississippi 74
Missouri 77
Montana 80
Nevada 82
New Hampshire 85
New Jersey 88
New Mexico 91
New York 93
Ohio 97
Oklahoma 100
Oregon 102
Pennsylvania 104
Rhode Island 107
South Dakota 110
Tennessee 113
Virginia 115
West Virginia 118
Wyoming 121
State Regulatory & Industry Contacts 123
Table of Contents
3
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
This report provides a comprehensive overview of the commercial casino
gaming industry in each of the 34 jurisdictions with legal commercial casino
gaming or sports betting as of December 31, 2021.
For each of the jurisdictions, the report analyzes gaming
revenue and gaming taxes generated by commercial casino
locations, as well as sports betting and internet gaming
platforms, for the calendar year 2021. In addition, the report
provides an overview of the primary competition faced by
the gaming industry in each state and summarizes the year’s
major gaming policy discussions in those jurisdictions.
Tables at the beginning of this report provide a
comparative summary of the main licensing, taxation,
and responsible gaming requirements applied to casino
and sports betting operators, as well as to suppliers of
electronic gaming devices and table game equipment.
This report defines commercial casino locations
as licensed land-based casinos, riverboat casinos,
racetrack casinos (racinos), and jai alai frontons with
gaming operations. It also includes casino locations in
states such as Delaware, New York, Ohio, and Rhode
Island that offer electronic gaming devices classified as
video lottery terminals and are operated by commercial
casinos under the authority of those states’ lotteries.
For the purposes of identifying commercial casino
location numbers, we do not include certain other types
of gaming locations, such as horse or dog racetracks
without electronic gaming devices, historical horse
racing terminal locations or off-track betting operations,
lottery retail locations, charitable gaming venues, tribal
gaming facilities as defined by the National Indian
Gaming Commission, card rooms or other locations at
which gaming is incidental to the primary business.
State gaming and tax revenue totals do not include
revenue and taxes from these non-commercial casino
locations, with the exception of Nevada. Due to its
unique nature, revenue and tax data from some Nevada
locations which offer “non-restricted” gaming as
incidental to their primary business is included.
Also excluded from state gaming revenue and tax
totals is revenue derived from convenience locations
with electronic gaming devices—such as video lottery
terminals or video gaming terminals—in Illinois,
Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
South Dakota, and West Virginia. The competitive
impact of each of the above operations, however, is
noted where warranted.
State gaming revenue and tax totals do include internet
gaming operations managed by commercial casinos or
affiliated companies in Connecticut, Delaware, Michigan,
Nevada, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The
totals also include all revenue from land-based and online
sports betting in each of the states with legal sports betting,
with the exception of land-based sports betting revenue
earned by tribal casinos. Such totals include sports betting
revenue derived from a handful of non-casino locations,
such as racetracks, off-track betting outlets, and standalone
sportsbook locations, in Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois,
Indiana, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C.
Sports betting handle and revenue information is
reported differently across states. In certain states,
including Arizona, Colorado, Michigan, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and Wyoming, total sports betting revenue
reflects the “gross revenue” reported by sportsbooks
prior to deductions to account for promotional spending
or free-bet promotions extended to players. Further,
certain states, including Nevada, use an accrual
method of accounting that includes only revenue from
completed events. Others, including New Jersey, utilize
a cash method of accounting. Under this accounting,
bets made during 2021 on future events, such as
the 2022 Super Bowl or World Series winner, for
example, are included in 2021 revenue and future
monthly revenue reports would be adjusted to reflect
the outcome of those sporting events and whether
operators paid out winnings to customers. Readers
should consult the websites of state regulatory agencies
for more information on how each state accounts for
About This Report
4
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
sports betting revenue. Due to reporting restrictions,
commercial casino gaming revenue does not include
revenue derived from parimutuel betting on horse races
at commercial casino race and sportsbooks, except for
such revenue derived at Nevada commercial casinos.
This report uses the term “electronic gaming device” to refer
to the various types of gaming devices installed in casinos,
commonly known as “slot machines.” Although the general
public may not differentiate between the various types
of electronic gaming devices, there are often important
regulatory and technological distinctions between them and
specific legal definitions are applied to different categories
of devices in different states. State-specific terminology for
electronic gaming devices includes video lottery terminals
(VLTs), video gaming terminals (VGTs), video poker, and
electronic gaming machines, among others.
All references to “gaming revenue” are used as a
substitute for more specific financial terms—including
“casino win,” “adjusted gross receipts,” “gross gaming
revenue” and others—as reported by state regulatory
agencies. Gaming regulatory agencies in each state report
monthly and annual revenue differently and readers should
consult those agencies’ websites for further information.
In general, gaming revenue refers to the amount earned
by commercial casinos after winnings have been paid out
to patrons. Importantly, gaming revenue does not equate to
profits earned by commercial casinos from their operations.
Such revenue is earned before properties pay for various
operating expenses, marketing, and employee salaries, as
well as various taxes and fees, among other things.
Similarly, gaming tax revenue figures listed in the report
reflect only specific gaming taxes paid by casinos,
internet gaming platforms, and commercial sportsbook
operations out of monies won from patrons. They do not
include various other state, local, and federal taxes that
apply to casinos as they do to most other businesses.
They also do not include the federal excise tax of 0.25
percent generally applied to sports betting handle
across most states, nor the $50 fee per sportsbook
employee that businesses that pay the excise tax must
also pay. For the purposes of calculating state gaming
tax revenue totals, reported tax figures include taxes
directed to state and local governments and the specific
casino gaming revenue funds established by those
entities. They also include mandatory allocations of
gaming revenue from commercial gaming operations
to non-government entities, such as problem gambling
services, race purses, breeding programs, and other
funds used to support local racing industries.
In certain states, gaming is operated under the authority
of the state government, and a portion of casino revenue
is then redistributed to private operators. Where this
is the case, this report considers the effective tax
rate applied to gaming operators to be the portion of
gaming revenue retained by the state or its designated
beneficiaries.
Information on supplier licensing in the table in
this report is limited to those supplier entities that
either manufacture electronic gaming devices or
table game equipment or distribute or otherwise sell
them to casinos. In many states, additional licensing
requirements are applicable to the suppliers of
various other goods and services to casinos. Readers
are advised to consult the websites of state gaming
regulatory agencies for more specific information.
ABOUT
The American Gaming Association
The American Gaming Association is the premier
national trade group representing the $261 billion
U.S. casino industry, which supports 1.8 million jobs
nationwide. AGA members include commercial and
tribal casino operators, as well as suppliers and other
entities affiliated with the gaming industry. It is the
mission of the AGA to achieve sound policies and
regulations consistent with casino gaming’s modern
appeal and vast economic contributions.
amer icangaming.org
ABOUT
VIXIO GamblingCompliance
VIXIO GamblingCompliance is the leading provider of
independent legal, regulatory, and business intelligence
to the global gaming industry, based in London,
Washington D.C., and Taipei. Through our subscription
services and customized research solutions, we offer
market participants, regulators, governments, and
investors easily accessible and up-to-date information on
market realities and a reliable and independent service to
monitor legislative and regulatory developments.
vixio.com/gamblingcompliance
5
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State of the Industry
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
State of the Industry
America’s commercial casino gaming industry bounced back from the
dramatic impact of the pandemic on casino operations in 2020 with record
gaming revenue in 2021.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
GGR(US$BN)
YOY GROWTH
SOURCE: State Gaming Commissions
U.S. Commercial GGR YoY Growth
-50%
-25%
0%
+25%
+50%
+75%
+100%
After dropping below $30 billion in 2020 due to the
unprecedented shutdowns prompted by COVID-19,
total nationwide consumer spending on commercial
gaming increased by 76.9 percent to an all-time high
of $53.03 billion. The total was almost $10 billion
more than the previous annual record of $43.63
billion, set in 2019.
Gaming revenue expanded at a significantly faster rate
than the broader economy as strong consumer spending
on travel and entertainment powered the V-shaped
recovery in gaming revenue. Despite this, lagging
business and international travel, depressed conventions
business, and a slower return to normal for casinos’
other amenities continued to impact the overall industry
throughout 2021.
ANNUAL U.S. COMMERCIAL GAMING REVENUE
2011 to 2021
7
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
2020 2021
YoY Change
Arizona $161,057,784
Arkansas $355,521,053 $564,788,794 58.9%
Colorado $636,075,328 $1,226,331,443 92.8%
Connecticut $78,506,752
Delaware $340,347,836 $483,161,764 42.0%
D.C. $13,548,201 $26,804,974 97.8%
Florida $341,331,478 $649,472,056 90.3%
Illinois $743,407,000 $1,712,380,957 130.3%
Indiana $1,709,481,630 $2,724,987,164 59.4%
Iowa $1,167,696,185 $1,861,329,938 59.4%
Kansas $299,532,543 $403,500,148 34.7%
Louisiana $1,658,507,869 $2,380,088,371 43.5%
Maine $71,365,416 $146,928,173 105.9%
Maryland $1,225,915,686 $1,925,556,392 57.1%
Massachusetts $551,935,743 $1,020,777,309 84.9%
Michigan $638,661,887 $2,700,284,120 322.8%
Mississippi $1,795,204,161 $2,669,186,595 48.7%
Missouri $1,263,750,341 $1,896,602,363 50.1%
Montana $2,363,000 $6,406,202 171.1%
Nevada $7,873,313,000 $13,429,949,000 70.6%
New Hampshire $23,638,791 $43,832,454 85.4%
New Jersey $2,881,382,588 $4,737,144,856 64.4%
New Mexico $51,837,673 $216,197,456 317.1%
New York $1,184,729,013 $2,712,733,924 129.0%
Ohio $1,440,278,773 $2,310,305,409 60.4%
Oklahoma $101,738,407 $145,792,270 43.3%
Oregon $20,072,367 $30,398,002 51.4%
Pennsylvania $2,695,914,904 $4,830,812,116 79.2%
Rhode Island $326,218,116 $594,082,877 82.1%
South Dakota $105,271,640 $146,063,571 38.7%
Tennessee $27,124,908 $239,800,000 784.1%
Virginia $285,895,651
West Virginia $435,516,129 $667,980,738 53.4%
Wyoming $4,012,817
United States $29,981,681,664 $53,033,152,440
76.9%
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
2020 Tax 2021 Tax
YoY Change
Arizona $5,955,284
Arkansas $50,546,548 $80,581,343 59.4%
Colorado $74,690,684 $160,850,119 115.4%
Connecticut $9,784,045
Delaware $156,883,863 $222,208,641 41.6%
D.C. $1,008,014 $1,927,612 91.2%
Florida $119,466,018 $227,315,219 90.3%
Illinois $162,012,206 $400,773,047 147.4%
Indiana $391,730,607 $654,823,801 67.2%
Iowa $248,248,195 $390,840,981 57.4%
Kansas $80,888,437 $108,960,592 34.7%
Louisiana $421,258,137 $573,080,902 36.0%
Maine $30,032,815 $61,252,475 104.0%
Maryland $507,8 43,226 $814,354,161 60.4%
Massachusetts $157,724,930 $288,637,795 83.0%
Michigan $174,352,138 $607,607,464 248.5%
Mississippi $213,775,261 $311,479,143 45.7%
Missouri $309,304,648 $458,768,597 48.3%
Montana N/A $1,153,545
Nevada $609,481,270 $1,023,206,554 67.9%
New Hampshire $11,010,088 $20,002,022 81.7%
New Jersey $350,897,338 $562,004,880 60.2%
New Mexico $23,974,923 $99,991,322 317.1%
New York $495,199,431 $1,097,285,389 121.6%
Ohio $487,945,733 $759,325,907 55.6%
Oklahoma $44,747,923 $66,047,136 47.6%
Oregon N/A $18,759,574
Pennsylvania $1,187,141,029 $2,016,101,749 69.8%
Rhode Island $163,619,122 $300,150,697 83.4%
South Dakota $14,141,509 $17,568,000 24.2%
Tennessee $5,443,918 $39,300,000 621.9%
Virginia $20,340,022
West Virginia $189,891,979 $272,258,463 43.4%
Wyoming $111,914
United States $6,683,259,991 $11,692,808,395
75.0%
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING CONSUMER SPEND BY STATE
2020 vs. 2021
All jurisdictions with commercial casino or sports
betting operations reported an increase in gaming
revenue compared with 2020, and 23 of 43
jurisdictions achieved record annual commercial gaming
revenue in 2021.
The largest increases came in Tennessee and Michigan,
both states reporting the first full year of sports betting
revenue as well as internet gaming in Michigan, and New
Mexico, where casinos only reopened in late February
2021 after staying closed for more than 11 months.
COMMERCIAL CASINO DIRECT GAMING TAX REVENUE BY STATE
2020 vs. 2021
The strong growth in gaming revenue also generated a record
$11.69 billion in direct gaming tax revenue paid to state
and local governments by commercial gaming operations.
The tax total represented an increase of 75.0 percent from
2020 and was 15.1 percent more than the previous record
of $10.16 billion, set in 2019. Notably, the $11.69 billion
figure reflects only specific state and local taxes that are
applied directly to gaming revenue. It does not include the
billions more paid by the industry in the form of income,
sales, and various other corporate taxes, nor does the total
reflect payroll taxes paid by gaming operators and suppliers.
8
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
TOP 20 U.S. COMMERCIAL CASINO MARKETS
2021
Market State(s) 2021 Revenue Last Ranking
1 Las Vegas Strip NV $7.05B
1
−
2 Atlantic City NJ $2.57B
2
−
3 Chicagoland IL/IN $2.01B 4 ↑
4 Baltimore-Washington DC DC/MD/WV $2.00B 3 ↓
5 Gulf Coast MS $1.61B
5
−
6 New York City NY $1.46B 8 ↑
7 Philadelphia PA $1.40B 6 ↓
8 Detroit MI $1.29B 10 ↑
9 St. Louis MO/IL $1.03B 7 ↓
10 Boulder Strip NV $967M 9 ↓
11 Reno/Sparks NV $889M 12 ↑
12 Kansas City MO/KS $861M 13 ↑
13 Poconos PA $849M 14 ↑
14 Lake Charles LA $843M 11 ↓
15 Black Hawk/Central City CO $812M 16 ↑
16 Downtown Las Vegas NV $731M 19 ↑
17 Tunica/Lula MS $696M
17
−
18 Cincinnati OH/IN $655M
18
−
19 Shreveport/Bossier City LA $646M 15 ↓
20 Pittsburgh/Meadowlands PA $630M N/A
*Market revenue includes contributions from electronic gaming devices, table games, and land-based sports betting.
SOURCE: VIXIO GamblingCompliance, State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
Each of the 20 largest land-based commercial casino
gaming markets in the country saw significant increases
in gaming revenue in 2021, reflecting the resumption
of full operations after pandemic related shutdowns
the previous year. As in past years, the Las Vegas Strip
remained by far the largest gaming market in the country.
Elsewhere, reduced operating restrictions related to
COVID-19 helped the Chicagoland market to return to
the third spot, ahead of the Baltimore-Washington D.C.
region, while New York City returned to number six after
falling below both Philadelphia and St. Louis in 2020.
9
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
AVERAGE AGE OF U.S. CASINO VISITORS
2014 to 2021
Meanwhile, the average visitor to a land-based
commercial casino in 2021 remained notably younger
than prior to the pandemic. In 2021, the mean age of a
casino patron was 43.6 years old, versus 49.6 in 2019
and 48.6 in 2018, according to AGA survey data.
CASINO VISITOR MEAN AGE
SOURCE: American Gaming Association
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
2014 2018 2019 2020 2021
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Illinois Iowa Louisiana
Missouri Mississippi*
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
AVERAGE GGR PER CASINO ADMISSION (US$)
* Mississippi visitation data comes from a monthly survey by the regulator
** GGR excludes contributions from sports betting and internet gaming
2018
2019
2020
2021
AVERAGE CASINO GAMING REVENUE PER VISIT
2018 to 2021
The strong recovery in gaming revenue came as casinos
resumed full operations after the loosening of COVID-19
restrictions and as consumers unleashed pent-up demand
for gaming entertainment following the rollout of vaccines.
The record overall revenue was driven by higher
spending per visit in many states and despite lower
overall visitation compared to 2019. In the five
midwestern and southern states that report such data,
casino admissions were up 41.7 percent versus 2020
but down 20.7 percent versus 2019.
At the same time, average casino win per visitor
increased by about 11.3 percent from the 2020 and
was 34.3 percent higher than 2019 levels. Las Vegas,
meanwhile, received some 10 million fewer tourist
visits in 2021 compared with the year prior to the
pandemic, though casino-resorts on the Las Vegas
Strip managed record gaming revenue of more than $7
billion.
Post-Pandemic Consumer Trends
10
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
2021
2020
2019
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Nevada
Michigan
Indiana
Virginia
Colorado
Tennessee
Arizona
Others
REVENUE (US$BN)
Traditional and Emerging Verticals Expand
ANNUAL U.S. SPORTS BETTING REVENUE
2019 to 2021
On top of the resumption of land-based casino gaming,
2021’s record overall revenue reflected the increasing
importance of sports betting and internet gaming within
the broader gaming industry.
The regulated U.S. sports betting market generated
total revenue of $4.33 billion in 2021, not including
sportsbook operations in tribal casinos. That total
marked an increase of 179.7 percent on the prior year,
as Americans legally bet some $57.71 billion compared
to a handle of $21.60 billion in 2020.
Across the 25 states with land-based commercial
casinos, revenue from traditional casino games was a
record $44.94 billion in 2021, up 67.4 percent from
the prior year.
Among the 22 states that reported separate revenue
statistics for electronic gaming devices and table games
for both 2021 and 2020, revenue from electronic gaming
devices grew 67.7 percent year-over-year to $31.64 billion,
while table game revenue increased 66.8 percent to $8.48
billion. Both revenue figures marked new annual highs.
2021 saw a significant expansion of the legal sports
wagering industry to new markets across the country.
Seven states—Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Nebraska,
Ohio, Wisconsin, and Wyoming—enacted legislation to
authorize sports betting during 2021, though Florida’s
landmark new tribal gaming compact was later vacated
by a federal court. A further three states—Louisiana,
Maryland, and South Dakota—passed enabling
legislation after sports betting was authorized through
statewide referendums in 2020.
Finally, New York passed a new state law permitting
online sports betting, expanding a market that was
previously limited to physical sportsbooks.
By the end of 2021, legal sports betting was available
in 30 states plus the District of Columbia, up from 19
states at the start of the year.
11
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Despite the full reopening of land-based casinos,
total internet gaming revenue across the seven states
with legal internet casinos or online poker platforms
continued to grow and reached $3.71 billion, an
increase of 138.9 percent from 2020. Annual
revenue surpassed $1 billion in each of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and newcomer Michigan, establishing all
three states as major internet casino gaming markets
on a global scale. Elsewhere, West Virginia’s internet
gaming market reached $60.9 million in revenue in
its first full year of operations, while Connecticut’s two
internet casinos reported combined revenue of $47.6
million after launching in October under a new state law
enacted in May 2021.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Connecticut
Michigan
West Virginia
Pennsylvania
Delaware
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$BN)
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
* Pennsylvania GGR is reported net of promotional credits
** Nevada online poker revenue is unavailable
ANNUAL U.S. INTERNET GAMING REVENUE
2014 to 2021
Regulatory Reforms and Illegal Gaming
The continued expansion of legal sports betting was not
the only key theme of 2021 in terms of gaming policy
and legislative developments.
Officials in Nebraska and Virginia adopted regulations for
casino gaming at land-based casino or racino properties
being developed in the two states, while Arizona,
Connecticut, and Florida expanded their tribal gaming
markets through new compacts between the states and
federally recognized sovereign tribal nations, though
Florida’s compact remains mired in legal challenges.
South Dakota was among the states to follow Nevada in
moving to permit cashless payments on gaming floors,
while the proliferation of unregulated electronic gaming
devices in bars, convenience stores, and gas stations
attracted the attention of policymakers in Missouri,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and other states.
12
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
STATE NOTES
ALABAMA
Tribal casinos offer only Class II games
ALASKA
Tribal casinos offer only Class II games
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
Mobile sports betting only legal within casino properties
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
D.C.
FLORIDA
Sports betting subject to legal challenges
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
IOWA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
Instant racing terminals at racetracks
LOUISIANA
Sports betting legal in most parishes; mobile sports betting
legal, but not active
MAINE
iLottery includes only subscription services
MARYLAND
Mobile sports betting legal, but not active
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
Mobile sports betting only available at casino properties
MISSOURI
MONTANA
Mobile sports betting only available within licensed properties
Legal Status of Gambling Types in the U.S. as of 12/31/21
Note: There are several different forms of gaming that are permitted in various states under charitable gambling laws. The chart above does not attempt to detail the legal status of
these operations in the U.S.
* Refers to electronic gaming devices, such as VGTs, VLTs, instant racing or video poker machines, in non-casino locations.
^ iLottery comprises online computer sales and/or mobile device sales as well as online subscription services.
1
As of Nov. 2016, certain racetracks are permitted under county law to operate electronic bingo devices. For years, the legal status of these machines has been the subject of
protracted dispute among state and local officials. For the purpose of this report, we do not consider Alabama to have commercial gaming
Legal, but not active
13
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Commercial Casinos /
Racinos
Card Rooms
iGaming
Mobile Sports Betting
iLottery
^
Tribal Casinos
Electronic Gaming
Devices
*
Brick & M
ortar Sports
Betting
Lottery
1
Legal Status of Gambling Types in the U.S. as of 12/31/21 (continued)
STATE NOTES
NEBRASKA
Sports betting legal, but not active; commercial gaming at
racetracks legal, but not active
NEVADA
iGaming includes only poker
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Brick and mortar sports betting available at lottery retailers
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
Sports betting limied to tribal properties
NEW YORK
Online sports betting legal but not active as of 12/31/21;
iLottery includes only subscription services
NORTH CAROLINA
Sports betting limited to tribal properties; iLottery includes only
subscription services
NORTH DAKOTA
Sports betting limited to tribal properties; iLottery includes only
subscription services
OHIO
Racetracks only permitted to have VLTs; sports betting legal but
not active
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
Limited EGDs and instant racing terminals at racetracks
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
iLottery includes Keno and some instant games
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
Only limited-stakes gaming at commercial casinos; mobile
sports betting only legal at a casino property
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
Tribal casinos offer only Class II games
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
Commerical casino gaming legal, but not active; instant racing
terminals at racetracks; iLottery includes only subscription
services
WASHINGTON
Mobile sports betting only legal within tribal properties
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
Sports betting limied to tribal properties
WYOMING
Instant racing terminals at racetracks
Note: There are several different forms of gaming that are permitted in various states under charitable gambling laws. The chart above does not attempt to detail the legal status of
these operations in the U.S.
* Refers to electronic gaming devices, such as VGTs, VLTs, instant racing or video poker machines, in non-casino locations.
^ iLottery comprises online computer sales and/or mobile device sales as well as online subscription services.
1
As of Nov. 2016, certain racetracks are permitted under county law to operate electronic bingo devices. For years, the legal status of these machines has been the subject of
protracted dispute among state and local officials. For the purpose of this report, we do not consider Alabama to have commercial gaming
Legal, but not active
14
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Commercial Casinos /
Racinos
Card Rooms
iGaming
Mobile Sports Betting
iLottery
^
Tribal Casinos
Electronic Gaming
Devices
*
Brick & M
ortar Sports
Betting
Lottery
U.S. Gaming Locations By State as of 12/31/21
State
Commercial Casinos
Tribal Casinos
1
Card Rooms
2
Electronic
Gaming Device
Locations
3
Land-Based
Casinos
Riverboat
Casinos
4
Racinos
Alabama 3
1
Tribal casinos with either Class II and/
or Class III games
2
Card rooms in states that do not have
commercial casinos with poker facilities
3
Non-casino or card room locations with
legally authorized electronic gaming
devices, including but not limited to
video lottery terminals and video gaming
terminals
4
Casinos that are on or connected to a
waterway, including in a moat
5
Includes two jai alai frontons
6
Includes one land-based casino that
offers only VLT machines and one casino-
resort that offers harness racing
Alaska 2
Arizona 27
Arkansas 1 2
California 82 85
Colorado 33 2
Connecticut 2
Delaware 3
Florida 6
5
2 7 16
Idaho 10
Illinois 1 10 7,841
Indiana 4 6 2 1
Iowa 14 3 2 4
Kansas 4 7
Louisiana 1 14 4 5 1,438
Maine 1 1
Maryland 5 1
Massachusetts 2 1
Michigan 3 23
Minnesota 40 2
Mississippi 6 20 3
Missouri 13
Montana 15 151 1,301
Nebraska 5
Nevada 215 2 2,024
New Jersey 9
New Mexico 5 21
New York 3 9
6
19
North Carolina 3
North Dakota 11
Ohio 4 7
Oklahoma 2 136
Oregon 10 2,087
Pennsylvania 10 6 60
Rhode Island 2
South Dakota 24 11 1,267
Texas 2
Washington 35 43
West Virginia 1 4 1,199
Wisconsin 24
Wyoming 3
TOTAL 349 66 51 515 297 17,217
15
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Number of Gaming Machines by State 2021
State
Machines in
Commercial Casinos
Machines in Tribal
Casinos
Machines in Non-
Casino Locations
Total
Alabama 7,035 7,035
Alaska 90 90
Arkansas 5,795* 5,795
Arizona 18,128 18,128
California 83,356 83,356
Colorado 10,758 1,398 12,156
Connecticut 7,166 7,166
Delaware 5,186 456** 5,642
Florida 6,688 16,412 23,100
Idaho 3,622 3,622
Illinois 8,603 41,826 50,429
Indiana 14,527 1,400 15,927
Iowa 14,923 2,688 17,611
Kansas 4,957 4,113 9,070
Kentucky 5,591* 5,591
Louisiana 19,375 4,653 12,702 36,730
Maine 1,605 1,605
Maryland 9,538 9,538
Massachusetts 5,581 5,581
Michigan 7,681 21,482 29,163
Minnesota 20,238 20,238
Mississippi 22,345 3,065 25,410
Missouri 14,681 14,681
Montana 1,780 15,782 17,562
Nebraska 662 662
Nevada 122,026 1,131 19,020 142,177
New Jersey 16,516 16,516
New Mexico 2,929 16,178 604*** 19,711
New York 22,198 11,960 34,158
North Carolina 4,910 4,910
North Dakota 3,949 3,949
Ohio 16,650 16,650
Oklahoma 1,000 75,821 76,821
Oregon 7,236 11,627 18,863
Pennsylvania 26,137 315 26,452
Rhode Island 4,801 4,801
South Dakota 2,636 2,717 9,624 14,977
Texas 3,765 3,765
Virginia 2,667* 2,667
Washington 32,376 32,376
West Virginia 4,610 8,122 12,732
Wisconsin 17,825 17,825
Wyoming 1,675 1,276* 2,951
TOTAL 371,746 376,831 129,612 878,189
SOURCE: Eilers & Krejcik Gaming, LLC
* Includes facilities that offer Instant Racing Machines ** Charitable VLTs
*** Located at qualified veteran and fraternal organizations
Nationwide, there were more than
878,000 electronic gaming devices
installed at commercial and tribal
casinos, as well as at non-casino
locations such as bars, taverns, and
truck stops at the end of 2021, an
increase of 2.5 percent from 2020.
Of the total number of devices,
42.3 percent were in commercial
casinos, while 42.9 percent were
located inside tribal casinos.
Nevada had an installed base of
more than 140,000 machines, far
and away the largest number of
any state. California and Oklahoma
had the second and third largest
number of operating machines
in 2021, each with more than
70,000.
16
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: IGB, OR Lottery, LGCB, MT DoJ, WV Lottery, SD Lottery, NMGCB
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
VGT REVENUE (US$M)
Illinois
Oregon
Louisiana
Montana
West Virginia
South Dakota
New Mexico
The impact of the pandemic on the tribal casino gaming
market, comprising 515 tribal gaming facilities across 29
states, was made clear when the National Indian Gaming
Commission published data in August 2021 showing a
19.5 percent decrease in total revenue to $27.83 billion
for Fiscal Year 2020.
Nationwide 2021 tribal gaming revenue figures were not
available at the time of writing, but 2021 tribal revenue
sharing numbers from Oklahoma are more than 20%
percent above 2019 levels, which would put it in-line
with commercial revenue growth following the pandemic.
31,196
(+4.4%)
32,404
(+3.9%)
33,720
(+4.1%)
34,579
(+2.5%)
27,832
(-19.5%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
REVENUE (US$B)
SOURCE: National Indian Gaming Commission
Electronic gaming devices in non-casino locations
across six reporting states generated revenue of more
than $4.34 billion in 2021, up 39.1 percent on the
previous year.
Illinois remained by far the largest market for convenience
electronic gaming devices, with total annual revenue from
the state’s 41,800 so-called video gaming terminals, or
VGTs, increasing by 58.1 percent to more than $1.93 billion.
SELECTED STATES: ANNUAL VGT REVENUE
2012 to 2021
ANNUAL U.S. TRIBAL GAMING REVENUE
2016 to 2020
17
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State By State Regulations, Taxes & Fees
ARKANSAS COLORADO DELAWARE FLORIDA ILLINOIS
Statutory Funding for
Responsible Gaming
No
Casino: 2% of casino
gaming revenue
Sports betting: $130,000
annually from sports
betting tax proceeds
$1 million or 1% of
electronic gaming device
revenue, whichever greater
$250,000 or 1% of table
game revenue, whichever
greater
$250,000 per casino
Annual appropriation is
required
Statewide Self-Exclusion
Program
No No Yes Yes Yes
Gambling Age 21 21 21 21 21
Smoke-Free (Y/N/Partial) No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Complimentary Alcohol Yes Yes No No No
Player Credit Yes No Yes No Yes
Restrictions on Operating
Hours
No No No No No
Commercial Casino
Licenses Allowed
4 Unlimited 3 8* 20
Commercial Casinos 3 33 3 8 11
Effective Tax Rate
13% on the first $150
million in casino gaming
revenue, 20% thereafter
Graduated rate ranging
from 0.25% on gaming
revenue up to $2 million to
20% on gaming revenue of
more than 13 million
57% effective rate on
electronic gaming device
revenue; 20% effective rate
on table games revenue
Internet casino versions
of games are taxed at the
same rates after paying
the first $3.75 million in
revenues and costs for
lottery administration
35% electronic gaming
device revenue
Electronic gaming devices:
Graduated rate ranging
from 15% on revenue up
to $25 million to 50% on
revenue of more than $200
million
Table games: Graduated
rate ranging from 15%
of revenue up to $25m to
20% on revenue above that
amount
Casino License Renewal
Term and Fee
$10,000 every 10 years
$3,700-$7,400 every two
years
$3 million annually
(combined)
$2.25 million annually
License renewal every
4 years with $250,000
annual fee
$17,500-$30,000 per
gaming position annually
Supplier License Renewal
Term and Fee
$1,000 annually
Manufacturer/Distributor:
$3,700-$7,400 every two
years
Gaming vendor: $4,000
every three years
$2,000 every three years
Every 4 years with $5,000
annual fee
Minimum Investment No No No No No
Admissions Tax No No No No $2-3 per admission
Taxation of Promotional
Credits (Y/N/Partial)
Yes Yes Partial No Partial
Withholdings on Winnings Yes Yes No No Yes
Number of licenses allowed* = Assuming no additional race tracks open in the state.
18
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State By State Regulations, Taxes & Fees (continued)
INDIANA IOWA KANSAS LOUISIANA MAINE
Statutory Funding for
Responsible Gaming
Riverboat: 3.33% of the
supplemental wagering tax;
Racino: $500,000 per
licensee annually;
Sports betting: 3.33% of
tax revenue to the addiction
services fund
Up to $6 million annually
2% of casino gaming
revenue
1% of casino gaming
revenue; max. $500,000
per facility
Land-Based: 3% of
electronic gaming device
revenue. Racino: $100,000
from electronic gaming
device revenue and 9% of
table game revenue
Statewide Self-Exclusion
Program
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambling Age 21 21 21 21 21
Smoke-Free (Y/N/Partial) No No No Partial Partial
Complimentary Alcohol No Yes No Yes No
Player Credit Yes No No Yes No
Restrictions on Operating
Hours
No No No No No
Commercial Casino
Licenses Allowed
13* Unlimited 4* 20* 2
Commercial Casinos 13 19 4 19 2
Effective Tax Rate
Riverboat: Graduated
rate ranging from 15%
on gaming revenue of up
to $25 million to 40% on
gaming revenue of more
than $600 million. Casinos,
with one exception, also pay
a supplemental wagering
tax of 3.5%. Racino:
Graduated rate ranging
from 25% of revenue up
to $100 million to 35% on
revenue exceeding $200
million
Riverboat/Land-based:
Graduated rate ranging
from 5% on gaming
revenue up to $1 million to
22% on revenue of more
than $3 million. Racino:
22% or 24% depending on
various conditions
Minimum 27% on casino
gaming revenue
Riverboat: 21.5% of gaming
revenue, with additional
taxes and fees applied by
local governments. Racino:
effective rate of around
36% of gaming revenue
Land-Based: either 21.5%
on gaming revenue or an
annual fee of $60 million,
whichever is greater,
plus rent and various
other payments to local
authorities
Racino: 39% on electronic
gaming device revenue
and 1% on handle; 16% on
table game revenue
Land-Based: 46% on
electronic gaming device
revenue; 16% on table
game revenue
Casino License Renewal
Term and Fee
Riverboat: $5,000 annually;
Racino: $100 per electronic
gaming device annually
Riverboat/Land-based:
$5 per person per facility
capacity (min. $1,250);
Racino: $1,000 annually
Maximum initial term of
15 years
Riverboat: $100,000
annually
Land-Based: Fees est. by
management contract
$80,000 annually
Supplier License Renewal
Term and Fee
$7,500 annually
Distributor: $1000 annually;
Manufacturer: $250
annually
Gaming Supplier
Certification is valid for two
years. No licensing fees
Manufacturer: $15,000
annually;
Supplier: $3,000 annually
Slot machine distributor:
$75,000 annually;
Table games distributor:
$1,000 annually;
Gambling service vendor:
$2,000 annually
Minimum Investment No No Yes No No
Admissions Tax No No No
Riverboat: Max $3 per
admission
No
Taxation of Promotional
Credits (Y/N/Partial)
Partial Partial No Yes Yes
Withholdings on Winnings Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Number of licenses allowed* = Assuming no additional race tracks open in the state.
19
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State By State Regulations, Taxes & Fees (continued)
MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI
Statutory Funding for
Responsible Gaming
$425 per electronic gaming
device and $500 per table
game
At least $5 million annually $2 million annually
Subject to annual
appropriation
1% of casino admission fee
Statewide Self-Exclusion
Program
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambling Age 21 21 21 21 21
Smoke-Free (Y/N/Partial) Yes Yes Partial No Partial
Complimentary Alcohol No Yes Yes Yes No
Player Credit Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Restrictions on Operating
Hours
No No No No No
Commercial Casino
Licenses Allowed
6 4 3 Unlimited 13
Commercial Casinos 6 3 3 26 13
Effective Tax Rate
40-61% on electronic
gaming device revenue;
20% on table game revenue
Casino-Resort: 25% on
casino gaming revenue;
Slot Parlor: 49% on
electronic gaming device
revenue
Casino gaming: 19% on
casino gaming revenue;
Internet gaming: Graduated
tax ranging from 20% on
internet gaming revenue
up to $4 million to 28% on
revenue of more than $12
million
Graduated rate ranging
from 4% on gaming
revenue up to $50,000 per
month to 8% on gaming
revenue of more than
$134,000 per month, plus
additional host municipality
license fee at an average
rate of 3–4% on gaming
revenue annually
21% on gaming revenue
Casino License Renewal
Term and Fee
$3 million for every 500
electronic gaming devices
following 15-year initial
license term
$600 per electronic gaming
device annually
Casino gaming: $25,000
annually
Internet gaming: $50,000
annually
Licenses valid 3 years but
subject to an annual fee of
$5,000 and additional fee
based on number of games
offered
$25,000 annually
Supplier License Renewal
Term and Fee
Manufacturer: $5,000 every
five years;
Distributor: $1,000 every
five years
Gaming Vendor: $15,000
every three years
Casino gaming supplier:
$5,000 annually;
Internet gaming supplier:
$2,500 annually
Manufacturer: $1,000
annually;
Distributor: $500 annually
Supplier: $5,000 annually
Minimum Investment Yes Yes No Yes No
Admissions Tax No No No No $2 per admission
Taxation of Promotional
Credits (Y/N/Partial)
Partial No Yes Partial Yes
Withholdings on Winnings Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Number of licenses allowed* = Assuming no additional race tracks open in the state.
20
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State By State Regulations, Taxes & Fees (continued)
NEVADA NEW JERSEY NEW MEXICO NEW YORK OHIO
Statutory Funding for
Responsible Gaming
Subject to annual
appropriation
$600,000 annually and
$250,000 per Internet
gaming licensee
0.25% of gaming revenue
Subject to annual
appropriation
Land-Based: 2% of gaming
revenue;
Racino: 0.5% of a video
lottery agent's commission
Statewide Self-Exclusion
Program
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambling Age 21 21 21 Land-Based: 21; Racino: 18 21
Smoke-Free (Y/N/Partial) No No No Yes Yes
Complimentary Alcohol Yes Yes No Yes No
Player Credit Yes Yes No No Yes
Restrictions on Operating
Hours
No No Yes
Land-Based: No; Racino:
Max 20 hours per day
No
Commercial Casino
Licenses Allowed
Unlimited Unlimited 6 13* 11*
Commercial Casinos 215 9 5 12 11
Effective Tax Rate
Graduated rate ranging
from 3.5% on gaming
revenue up to $50,000 per
month to 6.75% on gaming
revenue of more than
$134,000 per month
9.25% on land-based
gaming revenue; 17.5% on
internet gaming revenue
46.25% on electronic
gaming device revenue
Land-Based: 30%–45%
on electronic gaming device
revenue; 10% on table
game revenue
Racino: average effective
rate of 55% on electronic
gaming device revenue
Land-Based: 33% on
casino gaming revenue
Racino: 33.5% on electronic
gaming device revenue
Casino License Renewal
Term and Fee
$250 per electronic gaming
device as excise tax, plus
additional $80 per device
annually. Table games
fees are dependent on
the amount of games in
operation
License renewal every
5 years; fee of $500 per
electronic gaming device
annually
$4,000 and $25 per
electronic gaming device
annually
Land-Based: $500 per
electronic gaming device
and table game annually
Racino: N/A
Land-Based: $1.5 million
license fee every three
years; Racino: $10,000
every three years
Supplier License Renewal
Term and Fee
Manufacturer: $1,000
annually;
Distributor: $500 annually;
Interactive gaming system
or equipment manufacturer:
$25,000 annually
Gaming related casino
service industry enterprise:
$5,000 every 5 years
Manufacturer: $2,000
annually;
Distributor: $400 annually
Investigation fees
Gaming-related vendor:
$15,000 every three years
Minimum Investment No Yes No Yes Yes
Admissions Tax No No No No No
Taxation of Promotional
Credits (Y/N/Partial)
No Partial Yes Yes No
Withholdings on Winnings No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Number of licenses allowed* = Assuming no additional race tracks open in the state.
21
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State By State Regulations, Taxes & Fees (continued)
OKLAHOMA PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND SOUTH DAKOTA WEST VIRGINIA
Statutory Funding for
Responsible Gaming
No
$2 million or 0.002%
multiplied by gross terminal
revenue, whichever greater,
plus additional $3 million
Min. $200,000 in aggregate
annually
Up to $30,000 transferred
annually from state gaming
fund
Subject to annual
appropriation of
$150,000-$500,000, in
amount determined by the
commission
Statewide Self-Exclusion
Program
No Yes Yes No Yes
Gambling Age 18 21 18 21 21
Smoke-Free (Y/N/Partial) No Partial Partial Yes No
Complimentary Alcohol No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Player Credit No Yes Partial No Yes
Restrictions on Operating
Hours
No No No No No
Commercial Casino
Licenses Allowed
2* 23 2 Unlimited 5*
Commercial Casinos 2 16 2 24 5
Effective Tax Rate
Graduated rate ranging
from 35% on casino
gaming revenue up to $10
million to 50% on gaming
revenue of more than $70
million
Land-Based/Racino: 55%
on electronic gaming device
revenue; 16% table game
revenue. Internet gaming:
54% on virtual electronic
gaming device-type games;
16% on virtual table
games/poker revenue
68.85–74% on electronic
gaming device revenue;
17%–19% on table game
revenue
9% on casino gaming
revenue
53.5% on electronic
gaming device revenue;
35% on table game
revenue; 15% on internet
gaming revenue
Casino License Renewal
Term and Fee
$50,000 annually
Casino/Racino: $1.5 million
every five years;
Casino-Resort: $150,000
every five years;
Interactive gaming
certificate: $250,000 every
five years
N/A
$200 and $2,000 per
device annually
Casino gaming: $500,000-
$2.5 million annually
Interactive wagering:
$100,000 every five years
Supplier License Renewal
Term and Fee
Manufacturer: $15,000
annually; Distributor:
$7,500 annually
Initial fees: Manufacturer:
$170,000; Supplier:
$85,000; Interactive
gaming operator (platform
provider): $1 million.
Renewal fees every 5 years:
Manufacturer: $150,000;
Supplier: $75,000;
Interactive gaming operator
(platform provider):
$100,000
Gaming Vendor: $750
annually
Manufacturer/Distributor:
$250 annual renewal
Manufacturer: $10,000
annually;
Supplier: $100 annually
Interactive gaming
provider/management
services provider: $100,000
annually
Minimum Investment No No No No No
Admissions Tax No No No No No
Taxation of Promotional
Credits (Y/N/Partial)
Yes No Partial Yes Partial
Withholdings on Winnings Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Number of licenses allowed* = Assuming no additional race tracks open in the state.
22
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
STATE
Authorized
Locations
Tax Rate Mobile/ Online
Collegiate
Restrictions
Initial License Fee
License Renewal
Fee
League Data
Mandate
ARKANSAS
Commercial casinos 13-20% On property None None None No
ARIZONA
Sports arenas,
OTBs, tribal casinos
Land-based: 8%
Online 10%
Statewide
No player prop
bets on collegiate
athletes
$750,000 $150,000 annually Yes
COLORADO
Commercial and
tribal casinos
10% Statewide
No prop bets on
collegiate events
$2,000
Varies annually
($17,900 - $77,000
in 2020)
No
CONNECTICUT
Tribal casinos, other
retail locations
13.75% Statewide
In-state collegiate
teams
None N/A No
DELAWARE
Commercial casinos
and retail lottery
outlets
50% (state share)
Statewide, but not
active
In-state collegiate
teams
None None No
DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
Sports arenas,
lottery retail
outlets, other retail
locations
10% (non-lottery
operated sports
betting)
Statewide (lottery
only)
In-state collegiate
teams
$100,000 or
$500,000
$50,000 or
$250,000 every five
years
No
ILLINOIS
Commercial
casinos, racetracks,
OTBs, sports arenas
15-17% Statewide
In-state collegiate
teams (online only)
$10 million or $20
million
$1 million or every
four years
Yes
INDIANA
Commercial and
tribal casinos, OTBs
9.5% Statewide
No player prop
bets on collegiate
athletes
$100,000 $50,000 annually No
IOWA
Commercial and
trial casinos
6.75% Statewide
No player prop bets
on athletes from
in-state collegiate
teams
$45,000 $10,000 annually No
LOUISIANA
Commercial and
tribal casinos, other
locations
Land-based: 10%
Online: 15%
Statewide, but not
active
None $750,000
$500,000 every five
years
No
MARYLAND
Commercial
casinos, other
locations
15%
Statewide, but not
active
None $50,000-$2 million
1% of average
annual revenue
every five years
No
MICHIGAN
Commercial and
tribal casinos
8.40-9.65% Statewide None $150,000 $50,000 annually Yes
MISSISSIPPI
Commercial and
tribal casinos
11-12% On property None None None No
MONTANA
Retail locations N/A On property None N/A N/A No
NEVADA
Commercial casinos
and other retail
locations
6.75% Statewide None $500 None No
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
Retail lottery outlets
and other retail
locations
50% (state share) Statewide
In-state collegiate
teams
None None Partial (by contract)
State Sports Betting Regulations, Taxes & Fees
23
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
STATE
Authorized
Locations
Tax Rate Mobile/ Online
Collegiate
Restrictions
Initial License Fee
License Renewal
Fee
League Data
Mandate
NEW JERSEY
Commercial
casinos, racetracks
Land-based: 9.75%
Online: 14.25%
Statewide
In-state collegiate
teams
$100,000
Min. $100,000
annually
No
NEW MEXICO
Tribal casinos N/A No None None None No
NEW YORK
Commercial and
tribal casinos
Land-based: 10%
Online: 51%
Statewide, but not
active
In-state collegiate
teams
Online: $25 million None Yes (online)
NORTH
CAROLINA
Tribal casinos N/A No None None None No
NORTH DAKOTA
Tribal casinos N/A No None None None No
OREGON
Lottery retail
outlets, tribal
casinos
N/A Statewide
No collegiate events
(lottery)
None None No
PENNSYLVANIA
Commercial
casinos, OTBs
36% Statewide None $10 million
$250,000 every five
years
No
RHODE ISLAND
Commercial casinos 51% (state share) Statewide
In-state collegiate
teams
None None No
SOUTH DAKOTA
Commercial and
tribal casinos
9% On property
In-state collegiate
teams and college
prop bets prohibited
None None No
TENNESSEE
N/A 20% Statewide
No player prop
bets on collegiate
athletes
$750,000 $750,000 annually Yes
VIRGINIA
N/A 15% Statewide
In-state collegiate
teams and college
prop bets prohibited
$250,000
$200,000 every
three years
Yes
WASHINGTON
Tribal casinos N/A On property
In-state collegiate
teams
None None No
WEST VIRGINIA
Commercial casinos 10% Statewide None $100,000
$100,000 every five
years
No
WISCONSIN
Tribal casinos N/A On property
In-state collegiate
teams
N/A N/A No
WYOMING
Tribal casinos 10% Statewide None $100,000
$50,000 every five
years
No
State Sports Betting Regulations, Taxes & Fees (continued)
24
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State of the States
26
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, Arizona reported total sports
betting revenue of $161.1 million in
less than four months of operations
since launching in September. The
total made Arizona the fifth largest
sports betting market in the country
for the final quarter of the year.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Arizona Department
of Gaming
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$161.1M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$6.0M
Market Overview
Arizona has no commercial casino
venues but offers sports betting through
commercial sportsbook operators subject
to regulation by the Arizona Department of
Gaming.
A state law passed in April 2021 authorized
land-based sports betting at Arizona’s major
professional sports arenas and facilities,
as well as at up to 10 affiliated racetrack
or off-track betting locations. Online sports
betting can also be offered by a maximum
of 20 licensed platforms partnered with
either a professional sports team or facility,
or with one of Arizona’s federally recognized
Indian tribes.
At the end of 2021, sports betting was
offered by two retail sportsbooks and 11
online betting platforms.
UNITED STATES: COMMERCIAL SPORTSBOOK GGR BY STATE
2021Q4
Arizona
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
REVENUE (US$M)
Arkansas
Wyoming
Maryland
New York
D.C.
Oregon
Louisiana
Rhode Island
Delaware
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Connecticut
Iowa
Tennessee
Colorado
Indiana
Virginia
Michigan
Arizona
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
AZ
ARIZONA
Market Performance
In 2021, total sports betting revenue in Arizona was
$161.1 million on handle of $1.74 billion.
The revenue total accrued since the launch of legal
sports wagering in September meant Arizona quickly
established itself as one of the country’s prominent
sports betting markets. In the final quarter of the year,
Arizona was the fifth largest market by revenue, behind
New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Nevada.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from land-based sports betting in Arizona is
taxed at a rate of 8 percent, while revenue from online
sports betting is taxed at 10 percent. The tax is applied
after limited deductions of free bets and other bonuses
and promotions, up to a maximum of 20 percent of total
revenue in 2021. Sportsbook operations are further
subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax applied to
wagering handle. Federal excise payments are deductible
from revenue subject to the state’s sports betting tax.
In 2021, sports betting generated total state tax
revenue of approximately $6.0 million.
Under the state’s 2021 legislation, all revenue
generated through sports betting “privilege fees,” or
taxes, are deposited on a monthly basis into Arizona’s
General Fund and used for general state budgetary
purposes as approved by the legislature.
Competitive Landscape
Arizona’s nascent commercial sports betting operations
compete with land-based sports betting that can be
offered by the state’s 27 tribal casinos and gaming
venues in accordance with amendments to tribal gaming
compacts that were approved in 2021.
With only a limited number of operators live by the
close of 2021, the state’s sports betting market is set to
become increasingly competitive in 2022 and beyond.
In addition to sportsbooks in tribal casinos, Arizona’s
2021 law allows for the opening of at least 17 additional
land-based sportsbooks and seven more online sports
betting platforms.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In April, Gov. Doug Ducey (R) signed a bill to legalize
sports wagering in Arizona, making it one of seven
states to legalize sports betting in 2021.
The legislation was unique for splitting access to the
state’s sports betting market between Indian tribes
and Arizona’s major league sports teams, NASCAR
racetrack, and PGA Tour championship golf course.
Under the law, a total of 10 tribes and 10 sports entities
are entitled to nominate a designated partner to operate
statewide online sports betting on their behalf under
licenses issued by the Arizona Department of Gaming.
Sportsbook operators partnered with a sports team are
also eligible to operate retail sportsbooks within a five-
block radius of the team’s home facility. Operators can
also open a sportsbook at an affiliated location that is
already licensed to accept bets on horse races.
In August, the Department of Gaming adopted
implementing regulations for sports wagering and chose
18 initial licensees from a total of 25 applications in
accordance with the selection criteria included in its
rules.
Sports betting was launched a few hours before the
kick-off of the 2021 NFL season on September 9.
Tribal Gaming
On the same day he signed the legislation to legalize
sports betting, Gov. Ducey also signed a new tribal-
state compact to govern tribal gaming operations in
Arizona.
Among other changes, the new compact updated an
initial agreement from 2003 to authorize tribes to
operate sports betting and additional table games,
including roulette and craps. Tribal casinos were
formerly limited to electronic gaming devices plus
specific card games such as blackjack.
The new compact also permitted additional tribal casino
facilities in different areas of the state and updated
the allocation of electronic gaming devices that can be
offered by Arizona’s sovereign tribal nations.
The new compact took effect in May when it was
approved by the U.S. Department of Interior and
published in the Federal Register.
27
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Fantasy Sports
Alongside its provisions to legalize sports betting, April’s
landmark legislation also authorized online fantasy
sports contests in Arizona.
Regulations for fantasy contests were adopted in August
alongside those related to sports betting, with a total of
five operators approved to offer fantasy sports in Arizona
before the end of the year.
Until 2021, Arizona was one of a small handful of
states where popular fantasy sports operators such as
DraftKings and FanDuel were unable to operate due
to narrow legal definitions of gambling. The legislation
made Arizona the 22nd state to formally regulate
fantasy sports since 2016.
Additionally, legislation enacted in 2021 also authorized
the Arizona Lottery to offer online sales of lottery draw
games and launch keno at retail locations and via an
online platform.
ARIZONA
28
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
29
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, statewide commercial casino
gaming revenue reached a record
$564.8 million, an increase of 58.9
percent from 2020 amid strong
growth in table games and sports
betting revenue.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
3
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Arkansas Racing
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$564.8M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$80.6M
Market Overview
Arkansas offers commercial casino gaming at two racinos and
one land-based casino, each of which operates electronic gaming
devices, table games and sports betting.
In 2018, voters approved a state constitutional amendment to allow
casino gaming at the state’s two racetracks, Oaklawn Park and
Southland Park, as well as at two new facilities located in Jefferson
and Pope counties. Prior to the constitutional amendment, gaming
operations at the two tracks were restricted to electronic gaming
devices offering games of skill or games determined by the outcome
of historical horse races. Casino gaming is regulated by the Arkansas
Racing Commission.
Arkansas
SOURCE: Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
350
(+8.3%)
2017
371
(+6.0%)
2018
426
(+15.1%)
2019
356
(-16.6%)
2020
565
(+58.9%)
2021
REVENUE (US
$
M)
AR
ARKANSAS: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $564.8 million, up 58.9 percent versus
2020 and 32.4 percent from 2019, when Arkansas
racetracks became eligible to operate a full range of
casino gaming.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices
was $505.7 million, up 56.6 percent from 2020.
The two newer segments of Arkansas’ commercial
gaming market both reported more impressive growth,
however. Revenue from table games was $50.6 million,
up 78.2 percent year-over-year, while total revenue from
sports betting was $8.5 million, up 97.9 percent.
Gaming Tax Distribution
In accordance with 2018’s state constitutional
amendment, Arkansas commercial casinos are subject
to a graduated tax on their revenue. Casino revenue up
to $150 million is taxed at a rate of 13 percent, while a
20 percent rate is applied to revenue above that amount.
Sportsbook operations are further subject to a 0.25
percent federal excise tax applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, Arkansas casinos and racinos generated
approximately $80.6 million in direct gaming tax
revenue, up 59.4 percent against 2020.
Under Arkansas’ constitution, 55 percent of casino
gaming tax revenue is allocated to the state’s General
Revenue Fund, and funds are appropriated each year for
education, public safety, and various other purposes. A
further 27.5 percent of tax revenue is distributed to the
cities and counties that host casinos, with the remainder
used to supplement race purses at the state’s two
racetracks.
Competitive Landscape
In addition to competition among the state’s newly
authorized casinos and racinos, Arkansas gaming
operators also compete with various casinos in
neighboring jurisdictions.
Southland Casino Racing in West Memphis competes
directly with several casinos in Tunica, Mississippi for
patrons from the Memphis metropolitan area, while
several large-scale tribal casino-resorts located just
across Arkansas’ western border in Oklahoma provide
competition to Oaklawn Racing Casino Resort as well as
a forthcoming casino in Pope County.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Expansion
In November, the Arkansas Racing Commission awarded
the state’s fourth and final commercial casino license
to a business subsidiary of Oklahoma’s Cherokee Nation
to develop the $225 million Legends Resort and Casino
project in Pope County.
The commission’s 3-2 vote came one month after the
Arkansas Supreme Court upheld a legal challenge by
Cherokee Nation Business against a 2020 decision
to award the license to rival applicant Gulfside Casino
Partnership.
ARKANSAS
30
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
REVENUE (US$M)
Saracen Oaklawn Southland
ARKANSAS: GAMING REVENUE BY CASINO
2007 to 2021
Arkansas’ two legacy gaming properties, Southland
Casino Racing and Oaklawn Racing Casino Resort,
continued to account for more than 72 percent of total
statewide casino gaming revenue in 2021 as Saracen
Casino Resort continued ramping up operations after its
opening in 2019. A fourth casino has also been licensed
in Pope County but has yet to commence operations.
The Cherokee entity insisted the other project was
invalid because a 2018 state constitutional amendment
requires casino developers to have the support of
local officials in office at the time of submitting their
application, whereas Gulfside Casino Partnership
received support from a former county judge.
Sports Betting
In late December, the Arkansas Racing Commission
unanimously approved regulatory amendments to
authorize statewide online sports betting via the state’s
commercial casinos.
Existing regulations adopted in 2019 limited sports
betting to wagers placed from within the physical
casino property. The new rules would allow each of
Arkansas’ casinos to deploy up to two mobile sports
betting platforms, or “skins,” with the casino required
to receive at least 50 percent of the revenue generated
by any skins affiliated with its license. The revenue-
sharing requirement was sharply criticized by leading
national sports betting operators, who typically share
approximately 5-15 percent of revenue with casino
partners in other states.
Following their adoption by the racing commission,
the online sports betting regulations required further
approval by a state legislative committee before coming
into effect.
ARKANSAS
31
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
32
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, statewide commercial casino
gaming revenue reached a record
$1.23 billion as casinos resumed
table game operations and Colorado’s
online sports betting market more
than tripled its 2020 revenue total.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
33
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Colorado Division of
Gaming; Colorado
Limited Gaming
Control Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$1.23B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$160.9M
Market Overview
Colorado offers commercial casino gaming at 33 facilities in three
historic towns—Black Hawk, Central City, and Cripple Creek—which
were approved for gaming by voters in a 1990 statewide referendum.
Each casino is authorized to operate electronic gaming devices,
table games, and land-based sports betting. The casinos can also
offer online sports betting in accordance with a state law approved
by voters in 2019. At the end of 2021, 25 online sports platforms
were available.
Commercial casino gaming and sports betting are regulated by the
Colorado Division of Gaming, which is supported by the Colorado
Limited Gaming Control Commission—a five-member regulatory
oversight body appointed by the governor.
Colorado
SOURCE: Colorado Department of Revenue
828
(+2.1%)
842
(+1.7%)
834
(-1.0%)
636
(-23.7%)
1.226
(+92.8%)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US
$
M)
CO
COLORADO: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $1.23 billion, up 92.8 percent from 2020.
The record total reflects the resumption of operations
following the pandemic-related shutdowns of 2020,
the first full year of legal sports betting, as well as the
impact of regulatory changes that took effect in 2021
to allow a wider range of table games and remove a
maximum wager limit in Colorado casinos.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices
was $861.8 million, an increase of 63.9 percent from
the previous year. Revenue from table games was $114.4
million, more than triple the total of 2020 when casinos
in Cripple Creek were prevented from offering table
games as a COVID-19 mitigation measure and casinos
in the two other mountain towns were forced to suspend
table operations in November for the same reason.
Total annual revenue from sports betting was $250.1
million versus the $75.8 million accrued in the eight
months after sports wagering began in May 2020. Online
sports betting accounted for almost all the revenue total
and over 98 percent of sports wagering handle. The
$250.1 million total made Colorado the eighth largest
sports betting market in the country in 2021.
33
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE
: Colorado Division of Gaming
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
REVENUE (US$M)
Black Hawk Cripple Creek Central City
COLORADO: ANNUAL TRADITIONAL GAMING REVENUE BY MARKET
1992 to 2021
Traditional casino gaming revenue increased from 2020 in all three of
Colorado’s commercial casino gaming markets, with Black Hawk and Cripple
Creek reporting new revenue records.
COLORADO
Colorado applies a graduated tax to electronic gaming
device and table game revenue, ranging from 0.25
percent on revenue up to $2 million to 20 percent on
gaming revenue of more than $13 million.
Sports betting revenue is taxed at a rate of 10 percent,
applied after deductions of free bets and other bonuses
and promotions. Sportsbook operations are further
subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax applied
to wagering handle. Federal excise payments are
deductible from revenue subject to the state’s sports
betting tax.
In 2021, Colorado commercial casinos generated
$160.9 million in gaming tax revenue, up more than
115 percent compared to the prior year.
All gaming tax revenues from electronic gaming devices
and table games, including license and application fees,
are placed in the Colorado Limited Gaming Fund. After
deducting an amount of typically about $17 million
to cover state costs associated with gaming oversight
and regulation of casinos, the remaining money is
distributed according to the following formula:
• 50 percent to the “state share,” which funds grant
programs that benefit higher education, tourism, and
select industries in Colorado
• 28 percent to a fund dedicated to historic
preservation and restoration
• 12 percent to the two counties that host commercial
casinos
• 10 percent to the three historic cities that host
commercial casinos
Tax revenue generated by sports betting, meanwhile, is
placed in the state’s newly established Sports Betting
Fund. In 2021, this amounted to approximately $11.7
million.
After deducting initial amounts to cover the state’s
direct costs of regulating sports wagering, and then
setting aside additional monies for Colorado colleges,
local governments hosting casinos, and gambling
addiction services, the majority of remaining sports
betting tax revenue is distributed to a state water
preservation fund. Some sports betting tax revenue is
also dedicated to the same historic preservation fund
that receives a portion of gaming tax revenue generated
by traditional casino games.
Competitive Landscape
Commercial casinos face limited competition from two
tribal casinos in the southern part of Colorado, which
are not regulated or taxed by the state. One of the tribal
casinos also offers both retail and statewide online
sports betting pursuant to its tribal gaming compact.
The competitive environment for Colorado’s commercial
casinos is likely to remain stable in the near term, with
the addition of sports betting and removal of maximum
wager limits expected to boost both revenue and
visitation to the casinos of Black Hawk, Cripple Creek,
and Central City in the years following the pandemic.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Regulatory Reform
In February, the Colorado Limited Gaming Control
Commission adopted new regulations to implement the
results of a November 2020 statewide referendum,
abolishing the maximum bet restriction previously
applied to table games and electronic gaming devices in
commercial casinos.
Effective May 1, the new regulations meant patrons of
Colorado’s commercial casinos were no longer prevented
from wagering more than $100 at a time. When
commercial gaming was first permitted in Colorado,
the maximum bet was just $5. The new rules adopted
in 2021 also allowed casinos to offer baccarat and
other new table games, whereas previously they were
restricted to blackjack, poker, craps, and roulette.
COLORADO
Gaming Tax Distribution
TABLE: COLORADO GAMING TAX
Casino Gaming Revenue Tax Rate Applied
$0-$2M 0.25%
$2M-$5M 2%
$5M-$8M 9%
$8M-$10M 11%
$10M-$13M 16%
$13M+ 20%
34
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In another regulatory reform, Gov. Jared Polis (D) signed
a bill in June to permanently remove certain other
restrictions that were applied to commercial casinos.
The new legislation allows more than seven players to be
seated at a blackjack table, enables casinos to establish
more than two gaming areas within their facilities, and
permits applicants for gaming or sports betting licenses
to submit fingerprints for background checks as a later
supplement to their applications.
Horse Racing
In November, the Colorado Division of Gaming
and Division of Racing held a series of stakeholder
workshops to consider the authorization of fixed-odds
wagering on horse races and potential integration of
racing with the state’s sports betting market. More
specific regulations on the topic were expected to be
considered in early 2022.
Unlike fixed-odds bets on football or other sports, a
bettor placing a wager through the traditional pari-
mutuel system used for horse racing enters a pool and
will not know the odds he or she is receiving until the
pool is closed and the race begins. Fixed-odds betting
on horse races is commonly offered alongside other
sports on sportsbook platforms in Europe, Australia,
and other global markets.
New Jersey passed legislation and adopted regulations
to govern fixed-odds betting on horse races in 2021 and
similar legislation was proposed in New York.
COLORADO
35
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
36
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Connecticut’s newly authorized
internet gaming and sports betting
operations generated $78.5 million
in revenue in the three-month period
after launching in October 2021.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Internet Gaming;
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Connecticut
Department of
Consumer Protection
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$78.5M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$9.8M
Market Overview
Connecticut has no commercial casino venues but offers internet
gaming through commercial internet casinos affiliated with the
state’s two sovereign tribal nations: the Mohegan and Mashantucket
Pequot tribes.
Sports betting is also offered by three online sportsbook platforms
affiliated with the two tribes and with the Connecticut Lottery
Corporation. The state lottery is also eligible to offer sports betting
at up to 15 land-based locations.
Both internet gaming and sports betting were legalized by a May
2021 state law, with operations commencing in October.
Commercial gaming is regulated by the Connecticut Department of
Consumer Protection.
Connecticut
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
*Pennsylvania iGaming revenue is reported net of promotional credits
0
Delaware
West Virginia
Connecticut
Pennsylvania*
Michigan
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
CT
SELECTED STATES: TOTAL IGAMING GGR
2021Q4
Market Performance
In 2021, total commercial gaming revenue in Connecticut
amounted to $78.5 million, reflecting the state’s first
three months of internet gaming and sports betting.
Revenue from internet gaming was $47.6 million. Sports
betting revenue was $30.9 million, of which $30.4
million, or around 98 percent, came from online sports
betting.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from internet gaming in Connecticut is taxed
at a rate of 18 percent, while revenue from online and
land-based sports betting is subject to a tax rate of 13.75
percent. Sportsbook operations are subject to a 0.25
percent federal excise tax applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, internet gaming and sports betting generated
total tax revenue of approximately $9.8 million.
All tax revenue generated by internet gaming and
commercial sports betting is deposited in Connecticut’s
General Fund and redistributed to various state
programs including education, infrastructural
investments, policing, and emergency services in
accordance with the state’s annual budget.
Competitive Landscape
Connecticut’s wider gaming market is dominated by
the Mohegan Sun and Foxwoods tribal casino-resorts
operated by the Mohegan and Mashantucket Pequot
sovereign tribal nations on their reservation lands.
The two tribal casino-resorts, both among the largest
in the United States, opened in the mid-1990s and
were expanded in 2021 to include retail sportsbook
operations in accordance with amendments to the two
tribes’ gaming compacts.
While Connecticut is the only state in New England
with internet gaming, the state’s nascent online sports
betting market will quickly experience an injection
of regional competition in 2022 as mobile sports
betting launches in New York, where many Connecticut
residents commute for work. Online sports betting
is also legal in neighboring Rhode Island, while
Massachusetts is actively considering legislation.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Internet Gaming
After a series of failed efforts over the past five years,
Connecticut legalized internet gaming and sports
betting in 2021 when a bill was passed by the state
legislature and then signed into law by Gov. Ned Lamont
(D) in May.
The legislation authorized the governor to amend
the state’s gaming compacts with Connecticut’s two
sovereign tribal nations to enable them to conduct
on-reservation sports betting, statewide online sports
wagering, and statewide internet gaming.
Regulations governing sports betting and internet
gaming were adopted by Connecticut’s Department
of Consumer Protection in August and compact
amendments were approved by the federal government
in September.
The new state law further authorized the Connecticut
Lottery Corporation to operate online sports betting and
internet-based lottery draw and keno games, as well as
up to 15 retail sportsbook locations across the state.
In 2021, the Mashantucket Pequot and Mohegan tribes
announced partnerships with DraftKings and FanDuel,
respectively, for the two sportsbook operators to deploy
branded online sports betting platforms on their behalf,
while the Connecticut Lottery Corporation agreed a
similar partnership with Rush Street Interactive.
Fantasy Sports
In addition to sports betting and internet gaming, May’s
gaming law also made Connecticut the 22nd state to
expressly regulate fantasy sports contests.
The law signed by Gov. Lamont authorized fantasy
contest operators licensed in at least one other state
to operate in Connecticut only if partnered with either
the Mashantucket Pequot or Mohegan sovereign tribal
nations, or with the Connecticut Lottery Corporation.
Operators are also required to be licensed as an internet
gaming operator and pay a 13.75 percent tax on fantasy
contest revenue derived in Connecticut.
Regulations governing fantasy sports contests were
adopted by the Connecticut Department of Consumer
Protection in September.
CONNECTICUT
37
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
38
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $483.2
million, up 42.0 percent from 2020
and the state’s highest revenue total
in a decade.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
3
CASINO FORMAT
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Internet Gaming;
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Delaware Lottery;
Delaware Division of
Gaming Enforcement
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$483.2M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$222.2M
Market Overview
Delaware offers commercial casino gaming at three racinos, each
of which operates electronic gaming devices, table games, sports
betting, and internet gaming under the authority of the Delaware
Lottery.
In 1994, the Delaware legislature approved the Horseracing
Redevelopment Act, which authorized racetracks to install electronic
gaming devices. Table games and limited sports betting (parlay
wagers on professional football games) were approved by the
legislature in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Internet gaming was
authorized in 2012.
After the U.S. Supreme Court ruling overturned the federal
prohibition on expanded sports wagering, Delaware racinos in June
2018 broadened their sports betting operations to include a full
range of single-game and proposition wagers on all sports, not
just football. Alongside full sportsbook operations at racinos, the
Delaware Lottery also offers football parlay cards at certain retail
outlets, including liquor and grocery stores.
Delaware
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
429
(+5.2%)
2017
433
(+0.9%)
2018
451
(+4.2%)
2019
340
(-24.5%)
2020
483
(+42.0%)
2021
REVENUE (US$M)
SOURCE
: Delaware Lottery
DE
DELAWARE: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $483.2 million, up 42.0 percent from
2020 and 7.2 percent from 2019. It was the state’s
highest annual revenue total since 2012, when a major
competing casino-resort opened in Maryland, serving
the Baltimore-Washington D.C. market.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices was
$398.1 million, up 44.5 percent against 2020, while table
game revenue increased to $51.4 million, up 56.8 percent.
Combined sports betting revenue from racinos’
sportsbook operations and sports lottery parlays was
$23.1 million, a decrease by 2.0 percent from the
previous year. Internet gaming revenue increased by
25.0 percent to a total of $10.6 million in 2021.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Delaware’s commercial casinos are subject to an
effective tax rate of approximately 56 percent on their
gross revenue from electronic gaming devices and a
20 percent tax on their gross table game revenue, both
inclusive of payments used to subsidize race purses.
The effective taxation structure applied to internet
gaming is roughly the same as the structure applied to
the equivalent games in racinos. However, racinos are
entitled to a share of internet gaming revenue only after
the first $3.75 million in proceeds has been transferred
to the state lottery fund.
Meanwhile, Delaware racinos retain approximately
40 percent of revenue from sports betting. The state
keeps 50 percent of revenue but must pay additional
commissions to providers of the Delaware Lottery’s
sports betting system and risk-management services.
Approximately 10 percent of sports betting revenue is
distributed to the local horse racing industry.
In 2021, Delaware’s racinos and sports lottery retailers
generated total gaming tax revenue of approximately
$222.2 million, up 41.6 percent versus 2020.
Of the total tax revenue generated by commercial
gaming operations in 2021, approximately $175 million
was returned to Delaware’s General Fund. Monies in the
fund are appropriated annually for various purposes,
including public and higher education, health and social
services, and public safety. An additional $46 million
was allocated to Delaware’s racing industry for the
purpose of supplementing race purses.
Competitive Landscape
Delaware racinos compete in a crowded Mid-Atlantic
market that includes more than two-dozen commercial
casinos in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Atlantic City,
New Jersey. Delaware Park Casino, located near
Wilmington, directly competes for patrons in a Greater
Philadelphia market now served by five casinos and
racinos following the opening of a new casino-resort in
the city’s Stadium District in February 2021.
DELAWARE
39
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
DELAWARE: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING REVENUE
2009 to 2021
While internet gaming and sports betting now account
for significant proportions of overall commercial gaming
revenue in neighboring Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
the two segments represented less than 7 percent of
total revenue in Delaware in 2021.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SOURCE: Delaware Lottery
Land-based Casinos
Internet Gaming Sports Betting
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
REVENUE (US$M)
Policy & Regulatory Review
Regulatory Reform
In June, Gov. John Carney (D) signed a bill reforming
Delaware’s state lottery law.
Among other things, the new legislation removed
statutory requirements for employees working in
Delaware’s casino gaming industry to renew their
personal licenses at set intervals ranging from every two
to six years, depending on their position. The change
granted the director of the Delaware Lottery greater
regulatory flexibility to determine the appropriate length
of employee licenses.
The bill also updated the state’s distribution formula
for revenue derived from internet gaming and clarified
the regulatory responsibilities of the Delaware Division
of Gaming Enforcement relative to the State Police to
conduct background suitability investigations regarding
gaming license applicants. The bill further extended
statutory prohibitions on the sale of lottery tickets,
including sports parlay games, for greater than the face
value as determined by the Delaware Lottery director.
DELAWARE
40
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
41
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Colorado
New Jersey
Michigan
Connecticut
Indiana
Pennsylvania
New Hampshire
Iowa
West Virginia
Rhode Island
D.C.
Nevada
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
Online
Land-based
The District of Columbia reported
total sports betting revenue of $26.8
million in 2021, almost double the
total of the previous year.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
DC Office of Lottery
and Gaming
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$26.8M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$1.9M
Market Overview
The District of Columbia has no commercial casino
venues but offers commercial and lottery-operated sports
wagering at two retail sportsbooks and via three mobile
platforms.
The city authorized sports betting in 2019 when the
D.C. Council passed a law authorizing the DC Lottery to
directly operate sports wagering via licensed retailers
and through a mobile platform available in all parts of
the city, with the exception of federal lands.
The law also authorized Washington D.C.’s four major
sports arenas to host retail sportsbook operations and
offer limited mobile wagering within a two-block radius
of their facilities. Finally, bars and restaurants licensed
to serve alcohol in the District of Columbia are eligible
to apply for licenses to offer on-site sports betting
strictly within their premises.
In addition to directly operating sports wagering, the DC
Lottery also regulates privately operated sports betting
operations via the city’s Office of Lottery and Gaming
(OLG).
District of Columbia
DC
SELECTED STATES: REGULATED SPORTSBOOK GGR
SPLIT BY CHANNEL
2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total sports betting revenue in the District
of Columbia was $26.8 million on handle of $203.3
million. The revenue total was up 97.8 percent from
2020, when sports betting operations were launched at
the height of the pandemic.
Despite restrictions on their ability to offer mobile
sports wagering, non-lottery sports betting operations
accounted for the majority—approximately 71.8
percent—of overall district-wide revenue in 2021.
The rebranded Caesars Sportsbook at downtown
Washington D.C.’s Capital One Arena reported revenue
of $18.4 million, while the DC Lottery’s GambetDC
platform generated $7.6 million in revenue. Two newly
launched commercial sportsbooks accounted for the
remainder of the total.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from privately-operated sports betting in the
District of Columbia is taxed at a rate of 10 percent.
Private sportsbook operations are also subject to a 0.25
percent federal excise tax applied to wagering handle.
DC Lottery-operated sports betting is not subject to
taxation per se; instead, the lottery returns all net
revenue after operating expenses to the city’s General
Fund.
In 2021, commercial sports betting operations
generated total tax revenue of approximately $1.9
million, up 91.2 percent versus the previous year.
Of this amount, $200,000 was dedicated to problem
gambling services in the District of Columbia, with the
remainder split evenly between two city funds to support
early childhood education and community engagement
initiatives.
Competitive Landscape
Sports betting operators in the District of Columbia face
an increasingly competitive market, both within the city
and across the Greater Washington D.C. metropolitan
area that includes millions of residents of Virginia and
Maryland.
Within the city, sportsbooks are under development at
Washington D.C.’s Major League Baseball and Major
League Soccer stadiums, as well as at several bar and
restaurant locations. Operators also compete with
Virginia’s online sports betting platforms, the first of
which went live in January 2021.
In-person sports betting was also launched in
Maryland’s land-based casinos in the final weeks
of the year, including at the MGM National Harbor
casino-resort located within a few miles of the District
of Columbia-Maryland border. Online sports betting
was also legalized under a 2021 Maryland law and is
expected to launch in late 2022.
In addition to sports betting, the District of Columbia
also offers traditional and online lottery games via the
DC Lottery, charitable gaming, and electronic gaming
devices based on player skill that are permitted in bars
and other licensed establishments.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
The unique structure of the District of Columbia sports
betting market was highlighted by several developments
in 2021.
In June, BetMGM launched its mobile sportsbook app
to allow players to establish and fund accounts, but
only place wagers when either at Washington Nationals
Park or within the two-block radius exclusivity zone of
the stadium, as defined by the District of Columbia’s
2019 sports betting law. The online sports betting app
was launched while BetMGM develops a land-based
sportsbook at the stadium ahead of the 2022 Major
League Baseball season.
In October, the District of Columbia market also saw the
opening of the city’s first so-called Class B sportsbook
when sports betting was launched at the Grand Central
Restaurant, Bar & Sportsbook. The 2019 law allows
licensed bars to apply for licenses to offer retail and
mobile sports betting strictly on an on-property basis.
In July, the first sports wagering kiosks run by the DC
Lottery were also installed in four bars across the city, to
complement the GambetDC mobile platform.
Aspects of the District of Columbia’s unique sports
betting law have been borrowed by several states that
passed legislation during 2021. New laws in Arizona,
Maryland, and Ohio all authorized sports betting at
professional sports stadiums, while Maryland and Ohio
will also permit smaller standalone sportsbook locations.
In addition, lottery-operated kiosks will be permitted in
bars in both Louisiana and Ohio.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
42
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
43
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was a record
$649.5 million, up 90.3 percent from
2020. 2021 also saw the state execute
a landmark new tribal gaming compact
with the Seminole Tribe, only to see the
agreement vacated by a federal court.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
8
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Jai Alai Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Florida Gaming
Control Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$649.5M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$227.3M
Market Overview
Florida offers commercial casino gaming at eight properties, each of
which is limited to the operation of electronic gaming devices. The
five land-based casinos and three racinos are regulated by the newly
formed Florida Gaming Control Commission.
In 2004, voters amended the Florida Constitution to allow a
maximum of 2,000 electronic gaming devices at eligible pari-mutuel
wagering facilities in Broward and Miami-Dade counties, subject to
local voter approval.
As a result of a 2018 constitutional amendment, any further
expansion of commercial casino gaming in Florida must be initiated
by a citizens’ ballot initiative and approved by voters in a statewide
referendum.
Florida
SOURCE: Florida Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering
547
(+0.1%)
569
(+4.1%)
575
(+1.0%)
341
(-40.6%)
649
(+90.3%)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
FL
FLORIDA: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was a record $649.5 million, up 90.3 percent
from 2020 and 13.0 percent from 2019.
The strong growth reflected both pent-up demand
among consumers for gaming and entertainment, as
well as the resumption of full operations following the
unprecedented shutdowns caused by the COVID-19
pandemic in 2020.
Gaming revenue at the four commercial casino properties
in Miami-Dade County was $397.7 million, an increase of
more than 110 percent versus 2020 when local casinos
were required to close for a second time during July and
August due to a local government order. Revenue at the
four commercial casinos in Broward County, which were
able to reopen in June 2020, was $251.8 million, up
65.9 percent on the prior year.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Florida’s commercial casinos are taxed at a rate of 35
percent of electronic gaming device revenue.
In 2021, Florida commercial casinos generated total tax
revenue of $227.3 million, up 90.3 percent from 2020.
Under Florida law, all tax revenue from commercial
casinos is deposited into Florida’s Educational
Enhancement Trust Fund (EETF). The fund was
established in 1986 to allocate annual revenue from
the then-newly created Florida Lottery for Florida school
districts, public colleges, and universities. Additional
sums are also used to provide financial aid to Florida
students. Each year, the Florida Legislature determines
which programs are funded and at what level under the
EE T F.
Competitive Landscape
Florida’s commercial casinos face significant competition
from the state’s seven tribal casinos, including six that
are owned and operated by the Seminole Tribe of Florida
and one by the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.
In addition to electronic gaming devices, the Seminole
casinos are eligible to offer blackjack and baccarat. In
2021, the tribe agreed a new compact with the state
allowing it to offer roulette, craps, and both land-based
and online sports betting.
Card rooms at racetracks and jai alai frontons outside of
Miami-Dade and Broward counties also offer gaming but
are limited to the operation of non-banked card games,
such as poker.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Tribal Gaming
After several years of negotiations, the administration
of Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) in April 2021 reached an
agreement on a new tribal-state gaming compact with
the Seminole Tribe of Florida.
In return for a guaranteed $2.5 billion in payments to the
state over the first five years, the new 30-year compact
would allow the Seminole Tribe to develop three new
casino-resorts on its reservation land near Fort Lauderdale
and to offer craps, roulette, and sports betting at its tribal
casinos. In addition, the tribe was authorized to offer online
sports betting to players throughout the state of Florida on
the grounds that the wagers would be accepted via servers
located on sovereign tribal lands.
FLORIDA
44
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
-60%
-40%
-20%
+0%
+20%
+40%
+60%
+80%
+100%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
YOY CHANGE
SOURCE: FL Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering, LA Gaming Control Board, MS Gaming Commission
Florida Louisiana Mississippi
FL, LA & MS: YEAR-ON-YEAR CHANGE
IN COMMERCIAL GGR
2011 to 2021
After commercial casinos in Miami-Dade and Broward
counties were affected by longer shutdowns due to the
pandemic in 2020, Florida’s commercial casino gaming
industry bounced back to report a stronger recovery
relative to its nearest Southern competitors in 2021.
The new compact was ratified by the Florida legislature
in May and received federal approval from the U.S.
Department of Interior in August. The agreement was
vacated by a federal court in November, however, after the
operator of Florida’s Magic City Casino successfully argued
that provisions permitting online sports betting beyond
Indian lands were impermissible under the 1988 federal
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act that governs tribal gaming.
The tribe immediately appealed the ruling to the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, which
denied a motion to enjoin the lower court ruling while it
considers the case.
Expansion
Agreement on a new tribal gaming compact was not the
only initiative to expand Florida’s legal gaming market in
2021.
In June and July, two separate ballot initiatives were
filed with the Florida Division of Elections proposing
to expand both commercial casino gaming at Florida
pari-mutuel facilities located outside of Miami-Dade
and Broward counties, as well as statewide online sports
betting via commercial sportsbook operators.
Both initiatives face a tall order to qualify for the
November 2022 statewide ballot. Proponents would have
to gather almost 892,000 valid Florida voter signatures
before February 1, 2022, with sufficient support from
voters in counties across the state. If any measure does
qualify for the ballot, it would then need to be approved
by a 60 percent majority of all Florida voters.
Regulatory Reform
During a special session of the state legislature to
ratify the new Seminole tribal gaming compact, Florida
lawmakers also approved several accompanying
measures to reform the state’s gambling laws.
One bill established a five-member Florida Gaming
Control Commission to assume the authority of the
state’s Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering to oversee
licensing, enforcement, and rulemaking for all forms of
legal gaming in the state.
In addition, a bill was approved permitting Florida
commercial casinos to stay open on a 24-hour basis
and serve complimentary alcoholic beverages to guests.
Certain commercial casinos in Miami-Dade and Broward
counties would also be able to continue to operate
electronic gaming devices without an obligation to offer
live standardbred horse racing or jai alai games.
FLORIDA
45
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
46
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $1.71B,
up more than 130 percent from 2020
as land-based casino resumed full
operations after shutdowns caused by
the pandemic, and Illinois emerged as a
major market for online sports betting.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
11
CASINO FORMAT
Riverboat Casinos;
Land-Based Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Illinois Gaming
Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$1.71B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$400.8M
Market Overview
Illinois offers commercial casino gaming at 10 riverboat casinos and
one land-based casino under the regulation of the Illinois Gaming
Board (IGB).
In 1990, the Illinois legislature approved the Riverboat Gambling
Act, which authorized the IGB to grant up to 10 riverboat casino
licenses. A gaming law passed in 2019 expanded the market by
authorizing up to six new land-based casinos in different areas of
the state, including the City of Chicago, while also permitting Illinois
racetracks to apply for licenses to become racinos offering electronic
gaming devices and table games.
In addition, the 2019 law legalized sports wagering at casinos and
racinos, as well as at up to three off-track betting facilities affiliated
with racinos and at major sports arenas across the state.
Casinos and racetracks are also eligible to operate statewide mobile
sports betting. At the end of 2021, legal sports betting was available
at 11 retail sportsbook locations and via six online platforms.
Illinois
SOURCE: Illinois Gaming Board
1,408
(-0.4%)
1,375
(-2.4%)
1,354
(-1.5%)
743
(-45.1%)
1,712
(+130%)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
IL
ILLINOIS: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE (US$M)
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $1.71 billion, up 130.3 percent from 2020
and 26.4 percent from 2019 when legal sports betting
had not yet launched in Illinois.
Combined revenue from electronic gaming devices
and table games at Illinois casinos was $1.19 billion in
2021, up 92.1 percent against the previous year when
all casinos were required to close between March 16
and July 1 and then again from November 19 through
the end of December. Illinois casinos were permitted to
reopen for a second time in mid to late January 2021,
depending on the region of the state.
Electronic gaming devices in Illinois casinos generated
revenue of $890.5 million in 2021, while table game
revenue was $296.8 million. Comparable totals were
not published by the Illinois Gaming Board in 2020.
In 2021, Illinois also continued its emergence as a major
sports betting market. Statewide sports betting revenue
was $525.1 million, more than four times the total from
the previous year when online sports betting was only
available from mid-June. Illinois was the nation’s second
largest sports betting market in 2021, behind New Jersey.
ILLINOIS
47
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Delaware
D.C.
Oregon
Connecticut
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Iowa
Arizona
Tennessee
Colorado
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
Land-based Online
REVENUE (US
$
M)
SELECTED STATES: REGULATED SPORTSBOOK GGR (US$M)
2021
With total revenue of $524.8 million, Illinois was the second largest U.S.
sports betting market in 2021 behind only New Jersey. That was achieved
despite the return of a regulatory requirement for all online sports betting
accounts to be established in-person at a land-based gaming property.
Illinois applies a graduated tax to commercial casino
gaming revenue, ranging from 15 percent on electronic
gaming device revenue up to $25 million, to 50 percent
on revenue of more than $200 million. Casino table
games are taxed at 15 percent on revenue up to $25
million, and then 20 percent on revenue exceeding that
amount. Illinois also imposes an admissions tax of $2
per patron at Bally’s Quad Cities Casino and $3 at all
other casinos.
Sports betting revenue is taxed at a rate of 17 percent
on wagers placed in Cook County, which includes
Chicago, and 15 percent in all other areas of the state.
In 2021, Illinois commercial casinos and sports betting
operators generated total gaming tax revenue of approximately
$400.8 million, up 147.4 percent against 2020.
Of that total, roughly $327.4 million was paid to
the state government with the majority of state tax
revenue then redistributed to specific state funds for
education programs and capital projects, among others.
Approximately $67.0 million in gaming tax revenue was
generated for local governments that host casinos, with
a further $5.9 million provided to Cook County in the
form of sports wagering taxes.
Competitive Landscape
The sweeping gaming expansion law enacted in
June 2019 means Illinois commercial casinos face a
significant increase in competition in the coming years.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In December, Gov. J.B. Pritzker (D) signed legislation
to make various amendments to Illinois’ 2019 sports
wagering law.
One provision of the bill specified that Illinois patrons
will be able to register for online sports betting accounts
remotely without visiting a casino, racetrack or off-track
betting facility starting March 5, 2022, regardless of
whether or not the IGB has authorized standalone online
sportsbook operators by that time.
The 2019 law originally required bettors to register
in-person until the first of three standalone online-only
licenses was issued. The IGB opened an application
process for the licenses in August 2021 but may not
award any of them before March 2022. The in-person
registration requirement was suspended by Gov. Pritzker
in August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but it
returned for all new accounts created from April 2021
after the governor allowed his emergency order to expire.
Elsewhere, the 2021 sports betting bill authorized
betting on games involving Illinois college teams,
albeit only at land-based sportsbook locations and
with wagering on the performance of individual Illinois
collegiate athletes remaining prohibited.
ILLINOIS
Gaming Tax Distribution
TABLE: ILLINOIS GAMING TAX
EGD Revenue Tax Rate Applied
$0-$25M 15%
$25M-$50M 22.5%
$50M-$75M 27.5%
$75M-$100M 32.5%
$100M-$150M 37.5%
$150M-$200M 45%
$200M+ 50%
A temporary gaming facility was opened in November
2021 at the site of a newly licensed casino-resort in
the city of Rockford, with additional casinos either
under development or planned for the cities of Chicago,
Danville, and Waukegan and in Cook and Williamson
counties. Meanwhile, Illinois’ two racetracks have
applied for licenses to offer electronic gaming devices
and table games at their facilities.
The influx of new casinos will add to the significant
competition already faced by Illinois commercial casinos
in the form of electronic gaming devices (VGTs) in bars,
restaurants, truck stops and other retail establishments,
as authorized under a 2009 state law. In 2021, Illinois’
network of more than 41,800 VGTs in some 7,840
establishments generated total revenue of $2.47 billion,
or more than two times the total revenue generated by
commercial casinos.
In addition to the in-state competition, Illinois
commercial casinos in the Greater Chicago and East
St. Louis markets also compete directly with gaming
properties in northwestern Indiana and eastern
Missouri, respectively.
48
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
ILLINOIS
The bill further authorized sports betting at an eighth
Illinois sports arena and clarified that holders of supplier
licenses for other Forms of Gaming in Illinois do not
need to undergo an additional licensing investigation to
be licensed as a sports wagering supplier.
Expansion
In 2021, the Illinois Gaming Board granted licenses for
several of the new casinos authorized under the state’s
2019 gaming expansion law.
In November, the board selected two developers for
casinos in the city of Waukegan and in Chicago’s southern
suburbs in Cook County. In June, the IGB authorized the
construction of a temporary gaming facility at the site of
the Hard Rock Rockford project, which was the lone
bidder on the license earmarked for that city. A license was
also awarded in September for a casino at the site of the
Walkers Bluff resort in Carterville, Williamson County.
Elsewhere, the City of Chicago in April issued a request
for proposals from casino developers interested in
partnering with the city to develop a major casino-resort
and also operate electronic gaming devices at Chicago’s
major airports. The city received a total of five proposals
and is expected to select its partner in 2022 before
submitting a license application to the IGB.
49
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
50
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
gaming revenue was $2.72 billion, up
59.4 percent from 2020, reflecting
the reopening of commercial casinos,
as well as strong growth in Indiana’s
online sports betting market.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
12
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Riverboat Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Indiana Gaming
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$2.72B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$654.8M
Market Overview
Indiana offers commercial casino gaming at six riverboat casinos,
four land-based casinos and two racinos, all of which are authorized
to operate electronic gaming devices, table games, and sports
betting. All 12 commercial casinos are regulated by the Indiana
Gaming Commission (IGC).
In 1993, the Indiana legislature approved the Riverboat Gambling
Act, which authorized the IGC to grant up to 10 casino licenses.
Legislation authorizing an 11th commercial casino within a “historic
hotel district” was approved in 2003, paving the way for the opening
of French Lick Resort Casino.
The state legislature in 2007 authorized the installation of up
to 2,000 electronic gaming devices at each of Indiana’s two
racetracks. Under legislation passed in 2015 and later amended in
2019, racetracks were approved to install live-dealer table games.
In 2019, the legislature passed a bill authorizing sports betting
at commercial casinos and racinos, as well as at off-track betting
facilities affiliated with racinos. Casinos and racinos are also permitted
to deploy online sports betting through a maximum of three platforms
operating under their licenses. At the end of the year, Indiana’s online
sports betting market was served by 13 digital sportsbook platforms.
Indiana
SOURCE: Indiana Gaming Commission
2,240
(+1.1%)
2,241
(+0.0%)
2,247
(+0.3%)
1,709
(-23.9%)
2,725
(+59.4%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
IN
INDIANA: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was a $2.72 billion, an increase of 59.4 percent
from 2020 and 21.3 percent from the pre-pandemic
year of 2019 that included less than four months of
revenue from legal sports betting.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices
was $1.98 billion, up 53.4 percent from the prior year,
while revenue from table games was $434.9 million, up
54.8 percent.
Statewide sports betting revenue was $308.3 million,
an increase of 126.0 percent relative to 2020. Online
sports betting accounted for 83.8 percent of the total,
as revenue increased by 148.4 percent to $258.9
million. Land-based sports betting revenue was $49.4
million versus $32.2 million in the previous year.
Gaming Tax Distribution
TABLE: INDIANA GAMING TAX
Casino Gaming Revenue Tax Rate Applied
$0-$25M 15%
$25M-$50M 20%
$50M-$75M 25%
$75M-$150M 30%
$150M-$600M 35%
$600M+ 40%
Indiana applies a graduated tax to electronic gaming
devices and table games at riverboat and land-based
casinos, ranging from 15 percent on gaming revenue of
up to $25 million, to 40 percent on gaming revenue of
more than $600 million.
Riverboat and land-based casinos are also subject to
a supplemental wagering tax, which is capped at a
maximum of 3.5 percent of total gaming revenue.
Racinos are taxed at a rate of 25 percent of revenue up
to $100 million, 30 percent on revenue between $100
million to $200 million, and 35 percent on revenue
exceeding $200 million.
Meanwhile, sports betting operated by casinos, racinos
and affiliated online platforms is taxed at 9.5 percent
of revenue. Sportsbook operations are also subject to
a 0.25 percent federal excise tax applied to wagering
handle.
In 2021, Indiana saw total commercial casino gaming
tax revenue of approximately $654.8 million, up 67.2
percent against 2020.
Pursuant to state law, the majority of gaming tax
revenue is held in Indiana’s General Fund and used
for general state budgetary purposes. Additional
allocations are made to Indiana’s horse racing industry,
problem gambling services, and to local city and county
governments, among other things.
INDIANA
51
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: Indiana Gaming Commission
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Sports BettingLand-based Casinos
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
REVENUE (US$M)
INDIANA: COMMERCIAL GAMING REVENUE
2009 to 2021
In 2021, strong growth in sports betting led Indiana to
report its highest annual commercial gaming revenue
total in more than a decade. Sports betting revenue
more than doubled to over $308 million, making
Indiana the sixth largest market in the country.
Competitive Landscape
Commercial casinos in northern Indiana compete with
one tribal casino in the city of South Bend that, as a
result of a new 2021 tribal gaming compact, now offers
a full range of electronic gaming devices, table games
and sports betting. That property was previously limited
to electronic bingo games.
Thanks to a 2019 Illinois gaming expansion law,
northwestern Indiana casinos, already in competition
with various Illinois casinos located in the Greater
Chicago area, face the prospect of several new casinos
that will be located within the City of Chicago, as well
as in Cook County to the city’s south and Waukegan to
Chicago’s north.
Elsewhere, riverboat casinos in southeastern Indiana
compete with a trio of Ohio casinos and racinos serving
the Greater Cincinnati market. Casinos in southeastern
and southern Indiana also face growing competition
from the expansion of historical horse racing devices at
racing venues in Kentucky.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Expansion
In November, the Indiana Gaming Commission (IGC)
selected a licensee for a land-based casino in the city of
Terre Haute in Vigo County.
The commission reopened applications for the license
in June after declining to renew the license it initially
awarded in 2020 due to the lack of financing and
a sufficiently experienced executive team at the
selected company following a series of changes to its
management.
After a competitive application process, the IGC
selected Churchill Downs Incorporated to develop a
$190 million casino project in Terre Haute.
The licensing process followed a May 2019 law that
reconfigured Indiana’s commercial casino gaming
market by authorizing one riverboat casino in the city
of Gary, near Chicago, to move to a new land-based
site, while also relocating the license for an affiliated
Gary riverboat casino to Vigo County in western Indiana.
Voters in Vigo County agreed to host a casino through a
local referendum that was held in November 2019.
Internet Gaming
In January, members of the Indiana House and Senate
introduced companion bills proposing to authorize
internet gaming in the state.
Under the legislation, each of Indiana’s commercial
casinos and racinos would be able to apply for
additional licenses for interactive gaming and deploy up
to three internet casino platforms, replicating the state’s
regulatory structure for online sports wagering.
The bills were never passed out of committee, however,
underlining the slower pace at which states are moving
to regulate internet gaming relative to sports betting.
In 2021, just one state—Connecticut—approved
legislation for internet gaming, compared with eight
states that passed new laws to authorize online sports
betting.
INDIANA
52
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
53
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
gaming revenue reached a record
$1.86 billion as casinos resumed full
operations after the pandemic and
online sports betting boomed after
a regulatory change to allow remote
account registration.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
19
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Riverboat Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Iowa Racing and
Gaming Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$1.86B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$390.8M
Market Overview
Iowa offers commercial casino gaming at 14 land-based casinos,
three riverboat casino, and two racinos. The 19 properties, all of
which offer electronic gaming devices, table games and sports
betting, are regulated by the Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission
(IRGC).
In 1989, Iowa became the first state to legalize riverboat casinos
with the passage of the Excursion Gambling Boat Act. Electronic
gaming devices at racetracks were authorized in 1994, with table
games approved in 2005. Iowa’s commercial casinos and racinos
were authorized to offer land-based and online sports betting by a
law passed in May 2019.
There are no statutory limits on the number of commercial casinos
that may operate in Iowa. However, counties seeking to host a casino
or racino must secure the approval of a majority of their residents via
a county-wide referendum. A second voter referendum is required
eight years after initial approval.
Iowa
SOURCE: Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission
1.463
(+1.2%)
1.467
(+0.3%)
1.487
(+1.3%)
1.168
(-21.5%)
1.861
(+59.4%)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
IA
IOWA: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was a record $1.86 billion. The total represented
an increase of 59.4 percent from 2020 and 25.2 percent
from the pre-pandemic year of 2019, reflecting pent-up
consumer demand for gaming and entertainment as well
as the expansion of Iowa’s sports betting market.
Revenue from electronic gaming devices was $1.58
billion, up 55.2 percent versus 2020. Revenue from table
games was $172.0 million, up 55.4 percent.
Meanwhile, Iowa’s land-based and online sportsbooks
generated total revenue of $113.9 million in 2021 versus
$41.6 million the previous year.
After a statutory requirement for players to register for
wagering accounts in-person at a land-based casino
expired on January 1, Iowa’s online sports betting market
took off in 2021 and grew more than threefold to reach
$87.2 million in revenue for the year. By the end of the
year, 17 online sportsbook platforms were available in
Iowa versus just nine at the start of 2021.
Revenue from land-based sports betting in Iowa was
$26.7 million, up 85.4 percent from the previous year.
IOWA
54
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: State Gaming Commissions
-20%
-10%
+0%
+10%
+20%
+30%
+40%
+50%
Rhode Island
Michigan
Illinois
New Mexico
West Virginia
New Jersey
Louisiana
Kansas
Pennsylvania
New York
Maine
Oklahoma
Delaware
Nevada - LV Strip
Maryland
Indiana
Missouri
Florida
Nevada - Other
Colorado
Ohio
Iowa
Mississippi
Arkansas
South Dakota
Massachusetts
2-YEAR CHANGE
USA TWO-YEAR COMMERCIAL CASINO GGR GROWTH BY STATE
2021 vs 2019
Iowa’s traditional land-based casino gaming revenue of $1.75 billion in 2021
was up 19.1 percent on the pre-pandemic year of 2019 and a record for the
state’s casino industry, which also reported nearly $114 million in additional
revenue from sports betting.
Sports betting revenue in Iowa is subject to a headline
state tax rate of 6.75 percent, tied for the lowest rate
in the country, alongside Nevada. Sportsbook operators
are also required to share 0.75 percent with their
affiliated casino’s sponsoring charitable organization.
They are further subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise
tax applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, Iowa’s commercial casinos generated total
gaming tax revenue of $390.8 million, up 57.4 percent
from the prior year.
Of the total, approximately $373.5 million was collected
in the form of state gaming taxes and allocated to
various beneficiaries, including the Rebuild Iowa
Infrastructure Fund, Iowa Skilled Worker & Job Creation
Fund, and additional funds to service state debts and
support economic development projects. Meanwhile,
approximately $17.3 million was redirected to the local
governments of cities and counties that host casinos.
Competitive Landscape
Iowa’s commercial casinos compete with four tribal
casinos located within the state’s borders as well
as various commercial and tribal casinos located in
neighboring South Dakota, Nebraska, and Missouri.
Casinos in eastern Iowa also face competition from
electronic gaming devices (VGTs) in Illinois retail venues.
Looking ahead, further competition looms from the
authorization of commercial casino gaming at state-
licensed racetracks in Nebraska. Racinos were approved
by Nebraska voters in 2020 and implementing legislation
to permit electronic gaming devices, table games and
sports betting at tracks was adopted in May 2021.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
Following the January 1 expiration of the state’s in-
person registration requirement for online sports betting
accounts, Iowa policymakers made several changes to the
state’s sports wagering regime during the course of 2021.
In February, a legislative committee approved new
regulations promulgated by the Iowa Racing and Gaming
Commission authorizing the state’s commercial casinos
to deploy a third online sportsbook platform, or “skin,”
under their licenses. The state’s 2019 law initially
limited casinos to a maximum of two skins each but
granted the commission authority to permit a third skin
per casino if necessary.
In June, Gov. Kim Reynolds (R) signed a tax-reform bill
that included a provision enabling sportsbooks to deduct
promotional credits from their taxable sports wagering
revenue. When the tax reform took effect on July 1,
Iowa joined other states, including Colorado, Michigan,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and permitted the deduction of
free bets and promotional play from sports betting taxes.
Expansion
Local voters in Linn County approved a referendum in
November 2021 to reauthorize casino gaming within
their jurisdiction, setting up further debate over a
potential 20th Iowa commercial casino in the county
seat of Cedar Rapids.
Linn County voters held an original referendum to
approve casino gaming in 2013 but were required by
state law to hold a second referendum after an eight-
year period.
The Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission twice voted to
deny a new casino in Cedar Rapids in 2014 and 2017,
citing concerns of market saturation. Regulators were
scheduled to revisit the issue in early 2022 after receiving
new market studies as to the impact of a new casino.
IOWA
Gaming Tax Distribution
TABLE: IOWA GAMING TAX
Gaming Revenue Tax Rate Applied
$0-$1M 5 percent
$1M-$3M 10 percent
$3M+ 22 percent
In Iowa, riverboat and land-based casinos are subject
to a graduated tax rate on electronic gaming device or
table game revenue that ranges from 5 percent to 22
percent. Racino gaming revenue, meanwhile, is taxed
at 22 percent or 24 percent, depending on various
conditions, including prior-year revenue and whether the
racino has a riverboat casino in its host county.
55
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
56
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $403.5
million. The total was up 34.7 percent
from 2020 but still less than 2019 as
the Kansas Star Casino near Wichita
felt the impact of new competition
from a tribal gaming facility.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
4
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Kansas Racing and
Gaming Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$403.5M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$109.0M
Market Overview
Kansas offers commercial casino gaming at four state-owned
casinos, which are developed and managed by private companies.
The casinos, which all operate electronic gaming devices and
table games, are operated under the constitutional authority of the
Kansas Lottery and regulated by the Kansas Racing and Gaming
Commission (KRGC).
In 2007, the legislature approved the Kansas Expanded Lottery Act
that authorized the creation of four “lottery gaming facilities,” one in
each of four designated gaming zones throughout the state. The four
casinos opened between 2009 and 2017.
Kansas law also allows for the operation of electronic gaming devices
at racetracks, although no tracks are currently in operation.
Kansas
SOURCE: Kansas Racing and Gaming Commission
390
(+7.0%)
409
(+4.9%)
416
(+1.9%)
300
(-28.0%)
404
(+34.7%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
KS
KANSAS: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE (US$M)
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $403.5 million, up 34.7 percent from 2020
but below 2019’s pre-pandemic total of $416.2 million.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices
was $363.7 million, up 34.0 percent from 2020, while
table game revenue was $39.8 million, up 42.1 percent.
The recovery of the Kansas market was somewhat
hampered by new competition faced by the state’s largest
commercial casino near Wichita.
Located just south of the state’s largest city, Kansas Star
Casino reported total gaming revenue of $172.9 million in
2021. Whereas that represented a 22.2 percent increase
over 2020, Kansas’ three other commercial casinos
all saw gaming revenue growth in the range of 42-53
percent from the prior year, with Boot Hill Casino and
Kansas Crossing Casino reporting record revenue totals.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Kansas’ commercial casinos are required by statute
to pay a minimum tax rate of 27 percent on gaming
revenue, which includes a minimum 22 percent
contribution to the state, 3 percent to local governments,
and 2 percent to fund problem gambling treatment.
Casinos’ management contracts also include provisions
allowing for higher tax rates to be applied if revenue
exceeds a certain threshold during a calendar year.
In 2021, Kansas’ commercial casinos generated total
gaming taxes of $109.0 million, up 34.7 percent from
2020. Of this total amount, approximately $88.8 million
was received by the state, $12.1 million was allocated
to local governments that host casinos, and $8.1 million
was generated to fund problem gambling services.
Per Kansas law, the state portion of gaming tax revenue is
distributed to the state’s Expanded Lottery Act Revenues
Fund. Appropriations from the fund are determined
annually at the direction of the state legislature but
must be allocated to specific causes that include state
debt reduction, covering public employees’ retirement
liabilities, and an initiative to increase the number of
engineering graduates at Kansas universities.
Competitive Landscape
In addition to its four commercial casinos, Kansas hosts
five tribal casinos located in the northeastern corner
of the state. These properties compete with Hollywood
Casino at Kansas Speedway located just outside of
Kansas City. Hollywood Casino also competes directly
with four casinos on the Missouri side of the Kansas–
Missouri border.
A sixth tribal casino offering electronic gaming devices
was opened in March 2021 in Sedgwick County,
near Wichita, providing extra competition to Kansas
Star Casino. Meanwhile, Kansas Crossing Casino in
southeastern Kansas competes with several tribal casinos
in northeastern Oklahoma.
KANSAS
57
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
0
50
100
150
200
250
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Kansas Star HollywoodBoot Hill Kansas Crossing
SOURCE: Kansas Racing and Gaming Commission
REVENUE (US$M)
KANSAS: GAMING REVENUE BY CASINO
2012 to 2021
While each of Kansas’ four commercial casinos reported
healthy revenue growth during 2021, the state’s
largest—Kansas Star Casino—saw a slightly slower
recovery in part due to the impact of a new tribal gaming
facility near Wichita.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Tribal Gaming
In 2021, the state government continued its legal
challenge against a U.S. Department of Interior ruling to
place land in trust for the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma
to develop a tribal casino in Park City in Sedgwick
County, just north of Wichita.
In May, a Kansas federal court judge ruled against the
state as well as other local and tribal governments and
in favor of the Wyandotte Nation. The Kansas Attorney
General in August filed an appeal before the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
Among other things, the plaintiffs argue that the
2020 federal government decision to allow the casino
overturned a previous ruling of 2014 without adequate
consultation.
In March, the Wyandotte Nation opened a temporary
casino facility featuring several hundred electronic
gaming devices pending development of a larger tribal
casino on the same site.
Sports Betting
For the second consecutive year, legislation to regulate
sports betting was approved by the Kansas Senate only to
stall in the House.
In March, the Senate passed a bill to legalize sports
betting at Kansas’ four commercial casinos and via
a maximum of three affiliated online sports betting
platforms, or “skins,” operating under each license.
The measure was rejected in the House a few weeks
later, however, after the bill was amended to also permit
the Kansas Lottery to operate sports wagering via lottery
retailers and through its own online platform. House and
Senate proponents also disagreed on a proposed tax
rate, whether use of official sports league data should
be required, and the extent to which the Kansas Lottery
should also be permitted to offer online lottery games.
KANSAS
58
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
59
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $2.38
billion, up 43.5 percent against the
previous year. The total for the first
time included revenue from legal
sports betting, which launched in
Louisiana in October.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
19
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Riverboat Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Louisiana Gaming
Control Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$2.38B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$573.1M
Market Overview
Louisiana offers commercial casino gaming at 14 riverboat casinos
and one land-based casino, each of which operate electronic
gaming devices and table games. Four racinos—limited to offering
electronic gaming devices—are also operational. All 19 properties
are regulated by the Louisiana Gaming Control Board (LGCB).
Commercial casino gaming was first authorized in 1991 when
the Louisiana legislature passed a law allowing a maximum of
15 riverboat casinos, either sailing or permanently moored on
specific waterways in different areas of the state. The following
year, legislation passed authorizing a single land-based casino in
downtown New Orleans. Racinos were approved by the legislature in
19 97.
In 2020, voters in 55 of 64 Louisiana parishes approved a
referendum on sports betting. Legislation to enable land-based and
online sports betting was approved in 2021 and retail sportsbook
operations were launched at 11 Louisiana commercial casinos and
racinos before the end of the year.
Louisiana
SOURCE: Louisiana Gaming Control Board
2,561
(+0.9%)
2,561
(+0.0%)
2,460
(-4.0%)
1,659
(-32.6%)
2,380
(+43.5%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
LA
LOUISIANA: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming revenue
was $2.38 billion, up 43.5 percent from 2020 but down
3.2 percent from the pre-pandemic year of 2019.
The lower total relative to 2019 reflected, in part,
the impact of hurricanes and tropical storms on the
Louisiana casino gaming market.
In August and September, various Louisiana casinos
were required to close for several days due to Hurricane
Ida. An earlier hurricane in 2020 led to the permanent
closure of one riverboat casino in Bossier City and the
long-term closure of another after the owners of the Isle
of Capri Casino Lake Charles decided to delay reopening
until after construction of an adjacent land-based
facility has been completed. The casino remained closed
throughout 2021.
The varying impacts of tropical storms meant the different
regions of Louisiana’s commercial casino gaming market
experienced a somewhat uneven recovery in 2021.
Casinos and racinos in the Greater New Orleans market
reported combined revenue of $534.0 million, up 46.8
percent, while those in the Baton Rouge region reported
a revenue increase of 45.6 percent for a combined total
of $265.5 million.
The three riverboat casinos and one racino in the Lake
Charles gaming market—the state’s largest—saw slightly
slower revenue growth of 41.8 percent, reaching a total
of $842.7 million. Commercial casinos in the Shreveport/
Bossier market reported combined revenue of $645.7
million in 2021, up 40.0 percent on the previous year.
The Louisiana commercial casino gaming market’s
overall revenue total for 2021 also included some
$10.1 million in revenue from legal sports betting,
which launched in late October and was available at 11
commercial casinos by the end of the year.
LOUISIANA
60
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Shreveport/Bossier Lake CharlesNew Orleans Baton Rouge
SOURCE: Louisiana Gaming Control Board
REVENUE (US$M)
LOUISIANA CASINOS: ANNUAL GGR BY REGION
2007 to 2021
Although Louisiana commercial casino gaming revenue
for 2021 was significantly ahead of the previous year,
the Shreveport, Lake Charles, and New Orleans markets
all reported lower annual revenue than in 2019—partly
due to the impact of recent hurricanes and tropical
storms.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from each type of commercial casino
establishment in Louisiana—riverboat casinos, racinos
and the New Orleans land-based casino—is subject to a
different tax structure.
Riverboat casinos pay a maximum effective tax rate of
27.5 percent, comprising a state gaming tax of 21.5
percent of revenue plus additional local taxes which
vary according to location.
Racino revenue is taxed at an effective rate of about 36
percent. That rate comprises an 18 percent contribution
to the Louisiana horse racing industry taken off the top,
with the remaining revenue subject to a state tax of
18.5 percent and local taxes of 4 percent.
The New Orleans land-based casino pays the greater
of either a 21.5 percent tax on gaming revenue or an
annual fee of $60 million. The land-based casino must
also remit rent and various other payments to local
authorities, as established under its operating contract.
Meanwhile, sports betting revenue is taxed at a rate
of 10 percent for land-based sports wagering and 15
percent for online sports betting. Sportsbook operations
are also subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax
applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, Louisiana’s commercial casino gaming
properties generated total gaming tax revenue of
approximately $573.1 million, up 36.0 percent from
the previous year. In accordance with state law, the
majority of gaming tax revenue is remitted to Louisiana’s
General Fund. From there, monies are appropriated
at the direction of the legislature and used to pay for
public education, public retirement systems, highway
construction, and fire and police protection, among
other things.
In addition, the state’s horse racing industry received
approximately $62.1 million in 2021 from taxes on
racinos’ revenue from electronic gaming devices.
Competitive Landscape
Louisiana’s commercial casinos and racinos compete
with five tribal casinos scattered throughout the state
which offer a full range of casino gaming, including
sports betting at three venues. There are also more than
12,000 electronic gaming devices offered in Louisiana
at some 1,438 non-casino locations, such as bars,
restaurants, truck stops, and off-track betting parlors.
In 2021, total statewide revenue from electronic gaming
devices in non-casino locations was $839.2 million, up
50.9 percent from the previous year.
Casinos in southeastern Louisiana compete directly
with commercial casinos in the Gulf Coast region
of neighboring Mississippi that draw a significant
proportion of their patrons from across the border,
while those in the Lake Charles and Shreveport/Bossier
regions have traditionally competed with tribal casinos
in Oklahoma to attract players from Texas.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In June, Gov. John Bel Edwards (D) signed a package of
three bills to implement a November 2020 referendum
and authorize sports betting in 55 of Louisiana’s 64
parishes. The legislation authorized in-person sports
betting at land-based sportsbook facilities within
Louisiana commercial casinos and racinos. Casinos and
racinos licensed to offer sports wagering are also eligible
to deploy up to two online sports betting platforms,
subject to geoblocking in the nine parishes that voted
against legal sports betting. In addition, the Louisiana
Lottery Corporation was authorized to operate its own
online sports betting platform, as well as a network
of sports betting kiosks in bars and other non-gaming
locations.
In August, the Louisiana Gaming Control Board adopted
specific regulations to govern sports wagering. The
state’s first sportsbook was opened in early October
at a tribal casino, in accordance with provisions in
Louisiana’s tribal gaming compacts that authorize tribes
to offer any form of gaming approved elsewhere in the
state. Sportsbooks were opened later that month at two
commercial casinos, with online sports betting expected
to launch in early 2022.
Expansion
Also in June, Gov. Edwards signed a separate bill to
authorize electronic gaming devices based on historical
horse races at Louisiana off-track wagering facilities.
Among other restrictions, the bill limits facility operators
to no more than 50 historical racing devices in total.
Gov. Edwards also signed another bill in June to
authorize a new casino in St. Tammany Parish in eastern
Louisiana. However, parish voters rejected the new
casino planned for the city of Slidell in a referendum
that was held in December.
LOUISIANA
61
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
62
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $146.9
million, more than double the total
of the previous year and an all-time
high for Maine’s two commercial
casinos.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
2
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Maine Gambling
Control Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$146.9M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$61.3M
Market Overview
Maine offers commercial casino gaming at one land-based casino-
resort and one racino. Both properties offer electronic gaming
devices and table games and are subject to oversight by the Maine
Gambling Control Board and Gambling Control Unit.
Commercial casino gaming was first authorized in 2003 after
voters approved a state-wide referendum allowing electronic gaming
devices at Bangor Raceway—what is now Hollywood Casino Bangor.
In 2011, Hollywood Casino received approval to add table games.
Maine’s second casino, located in Oxford County, was authorized via
a separate voter referendum held in 2010.
Under Maine’s regulatory framework, a maximum of two commercial
casino gaming facilities may be operated after approval in a local
referendum. There is also a statewide cap of 3,000 electronic
gaming devices, with the allocation split evenly between the two
properties.
Maine
REVENUE (US
$
M)
SOURCE: Maine Gambling Control Board
137
(+2.7%)
144
(+5.1%)
145
(+1.0%)
71
(-50.8%)
147
(+106%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
ME
MAINE: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming revenue
was $146.9 million.
The total represented record revenue for Maine’s casinos,
beating 2019’s $145.2 million and was more than double
the $71.4 million reported in 2020, when casinos were
shuttered for almost four months due to the pandemic and
then subject to stringent reopening restrictions. Notably,
until March 2021, casinos were able to accommodate no
more than 200 guests at a time.
Electronic gaming devices at Maine’s two commercial
casino properties generated a total of $126.8 million in
revenue in 2021, up 102.4 percent on the prior year. Table
game revenue was $20.1 million, up 130.9 percent.
Oxford Casino generated gaming revenue of $93.2 million
in 2021, up 116.6 percent relative to the previous year,
while Hollywood Casino reported $53.8 million in revenue,
up 89.6 percent.
MAINE
63
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: Maine Gambling Control Board
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Oxford Casino Hollywood Casino Bangor
REVENUE (US$M)
MAINE: ANNUAL GAMING REVENUE BY CASINO
2006 to 2021
Consistent with previous years, Oxford Casino
accounted for the majority—roughly 63.4 percent—of
total commercial casino gaming revenue in Maine in
2021.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Maine’s two commercial casinos are subject to different
tax rates. Hollywood Casino, as a racino property, pays
39 percent of electronic gaming device revenue and 1
percent of electronic gaming device handle in taxes,
while Oxford Casino, as a standalone casino, is subject
to a tax rate of 46 percent of electronic gaming device
revenue. Both casinos pay 16 percent of their table
game revenue in taxes.
In 2021, Maine’s commercial casinos generated total
gaming tax revenue of $61.3 million, more than double
that of the prior year.
The biggest recipients of gaming tax dollars in Maine
are the state’s Department of Education to support K-12
school programs, scholarship programs to state and
community colleges, and a state fund established in
2000 to provide prevention-related services and other
healthcare programs for Maine families. Gaming tax
revenue is also distributed to support the state’s horse
racing industry, agricultural programs, and the local
governments that host commercial casinos.
Competitive Landscape
Maine’s commercial casinos operate at the outer edge
of a New England market that includes commercial and
tribal casino-resorts in Connecticut, Massachusetts,
and Rhode Island.
Following the opening of Encore Boston Harbor in
Massachusetts in 2019, there is limited new regional
competition on the horizon in terms of casino-resorts,
although electronic gaming devices based on historical
horse races were authorized for charitable gaming
locations in New Hampshire in 2021.
While there are currently no tribal casinos in Maine,
several tribes have sought approval from state
lawmakers and voters, via a referendum, to build
casinos on reservation land. All of these efforts have so
far been unsuccessful.
MAINE
64
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
After legislation was vetoed by Gov. Janet Mills (D) in
2020, Maine lawmakers tried again to legalize sports
betting in 2021.
Revised legislation to authorize land-based and online
sports betting was approved by the House and Senate
in June 2021 during a special session of the state
legislature. However, the bill remained pending before a
committee at the end of the session in July, with further
action required due to changes made by the House to
amend the Senate’s version of the bill.
One notable difference between the bill vetoed by Gov.
Mills and the 2021 version was a requirement for online
sports betting platforms to be affiliated with Oxford
Casino, Hollywood Casino Bangor, a federally recognized
Indian tribe, or a Maine off-track wagering facility.
Tribal Gaming
In June, Gov. Mills vetoed legislation that would have
permitted Maine’s three federally recognized sovereign
tribal nations to offer gaming on their lands pursuant to
the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.
Maine lawmakers have for many years been asked to
consider legislation to authorize tribal gaming and a bill
was passed by both the House and Senate in June to
amend the 1980 state law that currently disallows it.
In a veto letter, Gov. Mills said she does support the
rights of sovereign tribal nations to conduct gaming
but that the structure of the legislation approved by
lawmakers was likely to result in litigation. The governor
also cited concerns that the bill would establish no
restrictions of any kind on tribal gaming in Maine.
65
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $1.93
billion, up 57.1 percent. The total
included revenue contributions
from legal sports betting, which was
launched at Maryland casinos in
December.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
6
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Maryland Lottery and
Gaming Control Agency;
Maryland Lottery and
Gaming Control Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$1.93B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$814.4M
Market Overview
Maryland offers commercial casino gaming at five land-based
casinos and one racino, each of which is eligible to operate
electronic gaming devices, table games and sports betting. The
casinos are regulated by the Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control
Agency and Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Commission.
Commercial casino gaming was first approved in 2008 when
Maryland voters passed a constitutional amendment allowing a
total of five casinos limited to electronic gaming devices. The
market expanded in 2012 when lawmakers and voters authorized
table games at all casino properties, as well as a license for a sixth
commercial casino in Prince George’s County, near Washington D.C.
Sports betting was approved by state voters in 2020 and authorized
via a state law enacted in May 2021.
Maryland
SOURCE: Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Agency
1,614
(+34.2%)
1,746
(+8.2%)
1,757
(+0.6%)
1,226
(-30.2%)
1,926
(+57.1%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
MD
MARYLAND: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was a record $1.93 billion, up 57.1 percent
versus 2020 and 9.6 percent compared to the pre-
pandemic year of 2019.
Statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices was
$1.30 billion, up 62.8 percent relative to 2020, while
revenue from table games was $622.9 million, up 45.7
percent.
The $1.93 billion total also included some $3.2 million
in revenue from the first month of legal sports betting in
Maryland. Retail sportsbook operations commenced at
five of the state’s six casinos in mid-December.
MARYLAND
66
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: Maryland Lottery
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
MGM National Harbor Horseshoe Casino BaltimoreRocky Gap Casino Resort
Live! Casino Maryland Ocean Downs Casino Hollywood Casino Perryville
REVENUE (US$M)
MARYLAND: GAMING REVENUE BY CASINO
2011 to 2021
In MGM National Harbor near Washington D.C. and
Live! Casino on the Baltimore-Washington corridor,
Maryland was home to the second and third highest
grossing casinos outside of Nevada in 2021—trailing
only Resorts World New York City in Queens.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Maryland’s commercial casinos pay some of the
country’s highest tax rates on proceeds from electronic
gaming devices—between 40 and 61 percent,
depending on the specific casino.
Meanwhile, table games are taxed at 20 percent. In
addition to taxes on revenue, casinos must pay an
annual assessment of $425 per electronic gaming
device and $500 per table game to help fund
responsible gambling programs.
In 2021, Maryland’s commercial casinos generated total
gaming tax revenue of $814.4 million, up 60.4 percent
from 2020.
Of the gaming tax total, approximately $591.6 million
was distributed to Maryland’s Education Trust Fund,
which supports public education and construction of
new schools, including public colleges, throughout the
state. In addition, approximately $101.7 million was
distributed in the form of local impact grants and other
contributions to local governments.
The remaining tax revenue supported the state’s horse
racing industry, responsible gaming initiatives, and
minority- or women-owned businesses.
Competitive Landscape
Maryland’s six commercial casinos operate in a
competitive Mid-Atlantic region that includes properties
in Delaware, eastern Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The
state’s three largest casinos—MGM National Harbor,
Live! Casino, and Horseshoe Casino Baltimore—also
compete directly with Hollywood Casino in Charles
Town, West Virginia, for customers in the populous
Baltimore–Washington D.C. metro area.
The MGM, Live!, and Horseshoe casinos also compete for
sports betting patrons with sportsbooks at Washington
D.C.’s Capital One Arena and Nationals Park, sports
betting operations in local bars, and with online betting
platforms in Virginia and Washington, D.C.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In 2020, Maryland voters approved a referendum
on sports betting and Gov. Larry Hogan (R) signed
a bill in May 2021 enabling wagering at Maryland’s
six commercial casinos, three major league sports
stadiums, licensed racetracks, certain off-track betting
facilities, and at large charitable bingo venues. Up to 30
additional retail sports wagering licenses are available
for other locations, along with a maximum of 60
licenses for online sports betting.
The state law also created an independent nine-member
Sports Wagering Application Review Commission to
review applications for sports betting licenses and award
them to qualified applicants based on criteria that will
include ensuring adequate representation by minority-
and women-owned businesses in Maryland’s sports
betting market.
The Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Commission
approved sports betting regulations on an emergency
basis in July, while SWARC awarded the state’s first
licenses to five of Maryland’s commercial casinos in
November. Sports betting operations began one month
later.
MARYLAND
67
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
68
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $1.02
billion, up 84.9 percent from 2020
and reflecting a first full year of
operations at the Encore Boston
Harbor casino-resort.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
3
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Massachusetts
Gaming Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$1.02B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$288.6M
Market Overview
Massachusetts offers commercial casino gaming at two casino-
resorts operating electronic gaming devices and table games and at
one racino, which is restricted to electronic gaming devices.
Casino gaming was legalized in 2011 when the legislature passed
a law authorizing commercial gaming at three casino-resorts in
different regions of the state, plus an additional “Category 2” facility
limited to electronic gaming devices. The law also established the
Massachusetts Gaming Commission to issue licenses for the four
properties and to regulate their operations.
Massachusetts’ Category 2 casino was opened alongside Plainridge
Park, a harness racing track in Plainville, in 2015. The MGM
Springfield and Encore Boston Harbor casino-resorts opened in
2018 and 2019, respectively.
The license for Massachusetts’ fourth and final casino was designated
under the 2011 law for the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe to develop a tribal
casino in the southeastern region of the state. The project has stalled,
however, due to successful legal challenges, while the Massachusetts
Gaming Commission has so far declined to move forward with
licensing an alternative commercial casino project in the same region.
Massachusetts
SOURCE: Massachusetts Gaming Commission
165
(+6.3%)
155
(+65.7%)
165
(+163.1%)
552
(-23.2%)
1.021
(+84.9%)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
MA
MASSACHUSETTS: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial gaming revenue was
$1.02 billion, an increase of 84.9 percent from 2020 and
42.1 percent from 2019.
The record total reflected the full reopening of
Massachusetts’ commercial casinos after the pandemic-
related shutdowns of 2020, as well as a first full year of
uninterrupted operations at Wynn Resorts’ Encore Boston
Harbor casino-resort, which opened in June 2019.
In May 2021, the Massachusetts Gaming Commission
voted to lift all pandemic restrictions applied to commercial
casinos, having initially restricted their operating capacity
and applied limits to table games after the casinos were
first permitted to reopen in July 2020.
Statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices in 2021
was $690.9 million, up 88.9 percent against 2020’s total.
Table game revenue was $329.9 million, up 77.1 percent.
Encore Boston Harbor accounted for $634.4 million, or
more than 62 percent, of total statewide gaming revenue
in 2021. The casino-resort’s revenue total was up 91.3
percent versus 2020. While MGM Springfield and
Plainridge Park also reported revenue growth compared
with 2020, both casinos’ annual revenue was lower than
that of 2019, when the Encore Boston Harbor resort was
open for just half the year.
Gaming Tax Distribution
When Massachusetts authorized commercial casino gaming
in 2011 it established different tax rates for its Category 1
and Category 2 licensees.
Whereas Plainridge Park, which holds the Category 2
license, is subject to a 49 percent tax on electronic gaming
device revenue, MGM Springfield and Encore Boston
Harbor are subject to a lower rate of 25 percent on both
electronic gaming device and table game revenue. The
lower overall rate reflects, in part, the greater staff cost
involved in the hosting of live table games, as well as the
larger amounts Category 1 licensees were required to invest
to develop their casino-resorts. In addition to the taxes on
revenue, all commercial casino facilities must pay a $600
annual fee for each of their electronic gaming devices.
In 2021, Massachusetts’ three commercial casinos
generated total gaming tax revenue of $288.6 million, up
83.0 percent from 2020.
Of this amount, approximately $100 million was
distributed to Massachusetts’ Gaming Local Aid Fund,
which was created under the 2011 gaming law to
help support the budgetary needs of city and town
governments across the state.
MASSACHUSETTS
69
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Some 82 percent of gaming tax revenue generated by
Plainridge Park is distributed to the local aid fund, with
the remainder going toward the Massachusetts horse
racing industry.
Tax revenue from Massachusetts’ casino-resorts is more
broadly distributed. While the Gaming Local Aid Fund
receives the largest slice of casino-resort tax revenue,
other major beneficiaries include transportation and
infrastructure projects, K–12 and higher education
programs, and a statewide economic development fund.
Competitive Landscape
Massachusetts’ three commercial casinos operate in a
fiercely competitive New England gaming market that
also includes several large-scale commercial and tribal
casinos in neighboring Connecticut and Rhode Island that
have traditionally drawn a significant proportion of their
customers from the Bay State.
Massachusetts is also nearly surrounded by states with
legal sports betting after both Connecticut and New York
passed new laws in 2021 to authorize mobile sports
wagering. Further competitive challenges are on the horizon
in the shape of lawful internet gaming in Connecticut and
electronic gaming devices based on historical horse races
at charitable gaming locations in New Hampshire, both of
which were also legalized in 2021.
In June, the Massachusetts Gaming Commission
published two white papers addressing the legal
landscape for sports betting in the U.S. as well as the
potential application of the state’s responsible gaming
standards to sports wagering.
Tribal Gaming
The Mashpee Wampanoag’s years-long quest to open
a tribal casino gaming facility in Massachusetts took
another twist at the end of 2021.
In December, the U.S. Department of Interior published
a decision supporting the rights of the federal
government to take land into trust on behalf of the tribe
and of the Mashpee tribe to conduct gaming on the land
in accordance with 1988’s Indian Gaming Regulatory
Act.
The ruling reversed an earlier decision of 2018 to take
land in Taunton in southeastern Massachusetts out of
federal trust in the wake of a successful 2016 legal
challenge brought by local residents. The U.S. Court of
Appeals upheld that ruling in 2020.
The U.S. Supreme Court has previously held that a
separate federal law entitles tribes to obtain trust lands
only if they were recognized by the federal government
at the time the law was passed in 1934. The Mashpee
Wampanoag tribe was not formally recognized until
20 07.
Litigation is set to continue in 2022 and while the
Mashpee tribe has formerly planned to develop a billion-
dollar casino-resort in southeastern Massachusetts,
tribal officials suggested in late 2021 that the tribe may
instead pursue a much smaller project limited to so-
called Class II electronic gaming devices that would not
require a compact or revenue-sharing with the state.
MASSACHUSETTS
70
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Rhode Island Maine Massachusetts
SOURCE: State Gaming Commissions
REVENUE (US$M)
NEW ENGLAND STATES: ANNUAL GAMING REVENUE
2009 to 2021
Boosted by the opening of Encore Boston Harbor in
mid-2019, Massachusetts has been the fastest growing
commercial casino gaming state over the past two years
and further solidified its positions as the largest market
in New England in 2021.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In a case of deja vu from 2020, the Massachusetts
House of Representatives passed legislation to
authorize sports betting in 2021 only for the measure to
then stall in the state Senate.
In July, House members voted 156-3 to approve a bill
authorizing statewide online sports betting as well as
physical sportsbooks at the state’s three commercial
casinos and two racing simulcast facilities.
Several alternative proposals were introduced in the
Senate earlier in the year, but none were voted on
before lawmakers adjourned for the year. Key sticking
points in the Senate include potential restrictions on
college sports betting, the tax rate, and whether to allow
sports betting at sports stadiums or at bars and other
non-gaming retail locations.
71
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue reached a
record $2.70 billion as Michigan
immediately established itself as
one of the largest regulated internet
gaming markets in the world.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
3
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting;
Internet Gaming
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Michigan Gaming
Control Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$2.70B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$607.6M
Market Overview
Michigan offers commercial casino gaming at three land-based
casinos, each of which operates electronic gaming devices, table
games, and sports betting. The casinos are regulated by the
Michigan Gaming Control Board (MGCB).
Commercial casinos were first authorized in 1996, when Michigan
voters approved an initiative permitting a maximum of three casinos
in Detroit.
In December 2019, lawmakers authorized the state’s commercial
casinos and 12 recognized Indian tribes to offer statewide online
sports betting and internet gaming. Online gaming commenced
in January 2021. By the end of the year, a total of 14 internet
casinos and accompanying online sportsbook platforms were
operational.
Michigan
SOURCE: Michigan Gaming Control Board
1,401
(+1.1%)
1,444
(+3.1%)
1,454
(+0.7%)
639
(-56.1%)
2,700
(+322%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
MI
MICHIGAN: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $2.70 billion, a more than four-fold
increase from 2020’s total of $638.7 million and up
85.7 percent versus 2019.
The record total largely reflected the impressive launch of
internet gaming in Michigan. Total internet gaming revenue
as reported by the state’s 14 online casino platforms
since the market’s launch on January 22 was $1.11
billion. Online sports betting revenue was $292.2 million.
After reopening in late December 2020 following a
second COVID-19 shutdown order, Detroit’s trio of
land-based commercial casinos reported $1.27 billion
in revenue in 2021 from traditional electronic gaming
devices and table games in their facilities, an increase
of 104.2 percent from the previous year. The three
casinos also reported land-based sports betting revenue
of $27.3 million, up 49.6 percent versus 2020.
MICHIGAN
72
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Gaming Tax Distribution
Land-based casino gaming revenue is taxed at 19
percent for electronic gaming devices and table games,
with 10.9 percent directed to the host city (Detroit)
and 8.1 percent allocated for the state. Revenue from
land-based sports betting is subject to an effective
tax rate of 8.4 percent, including 3.8 percent in state
tax and 4.6 percent allocated to the City of Detroit. In
addition to revenue-based taxes, casinos are required
to remit annual services fees to state and municipal
governments.
Revenue from internet gaming is subjected to a
graduated tax rate that ranges from 20 percent on
revenue less than $4 million, to 28 percent on revenue
exceeding $12 million, with limited deductions from
promotional credits offered to patrons. Internet casinos
affiliated with the three Detroit commercial casinos are
also required to pay a municipal fee of 1.25 percent.
Revenue from online sports betting is taxed at 8.4
percent, applied after deductions of free bets and other
bonuses and promotions. Online sportsbooks affiliated
with the Detroit casinos pay the same additional 1.25
percent municipal tax as internet gaming. Both online
and land-based sports betting operations are further
subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax applied to
wagering handle.
In 2021, Michigan’s three commercial casinos and its
regulated internet gaming and online sports betting
platforms generated estimated total gaming tax revenue
of approximately $607.6 million, up 248.5 percent
from 2020. Of this amount, approximately $348.9
million was remitted to the state, with $236.3 million
going to the Detroit city government. A further $22.4
million in internet gaming taxes was remitted to tribal
governments.
The City of Detroit uses the gaming taxes it receives
to fund a variety of public needs, including law
enforcement, public safety programs, economic
development and job creation programs, anti-gang
and youth development programs, tax relief, and
infrastructure improvements. Most gaming tax revenue
that the state receives is allocated to the Michigan
School Aid Fund, which benefits K-12 public education.
Additional portions of tax revenue generated by internet
gaming are appropriated for first-responder programs
and problem gambling services.
SOURCE: Michigan Gaming Control Board
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Land-based Casinos
Internet GamingSports Betting
REVENUE (US$M)
MICHIGAN: COMMERCIAL GAMING REVENUE
2009 to 2021
Michigan’s internet gaming market immediately
established itself as one of the largest in the world in
2021, with the state’s 14 licensed internet casinos
reporting total revenue of more than $1.11 billion in
their first 11 and a half months of operation.
Competitive Landscape
In addition to commercial casinos in Detroit, Michigan’s
broader gaming market includes 23 tribal casinos
operated by 12 sovereign tribal nations, which are located
throughout the state. The three commercial casinos also
compete directly with a casino-resort in Windsor, Ontario
located on the opposite bank of the Detroit River.
Due to a state constitutional amendment passed in
2004, any new commercial casino gaming facility, or the
addition of electronic gaming devices at existing venues
such as racetracks, must first receive the approval of
a majority of voters both statewide and in the locality
where gaming will take place.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Internet Gaming
After immediately joining New Jersey and Pennsylvania
as a major regulated internet gaming market on a global
scale upon its launch in late January, Michigan’s online
casino platforms received authorization in July to add
streamed live dealer casino games to their offerings.
Unlike digital representations of electronic gaming
devices or table games, live dealer games allow a patron
to wager on a table game being played in a studio facility
and watch the outcome of the game via an internet
gaming platform.
In April, the Michigan Gaming Control Board issued a bulletin
to outline technical requirements and various security and
other protocols related to live dealer internet gaming.
Expansion
In November, Michigan’s Senate passed a bill to
authorize electronic gaming devices based on the
outcome of historical horse races at the state’s
racetracks, subject to local approval.
The bill would require revenue from pari-mutuel wagering
on historical horse racing devices to be taxed at the same
19 percent rate applied to Detroit commercial casinos.
The measure would also allow Michigan’s online sports
betting operators to obtain a license to facilitate wagering
on horse racing via their platforms.
Despite approval by the Senate, the bill was not taken
up by the House before lawmakers adjourned at the end
of the year. A similar bill was also passed by the Senate
in 2019 but expired in the House.
In 2021, Louisiana and New Hampshire also approved
legislation to authorize historical horse racing devices,
which are currently offered in Kentucky, Virginia, and a
handful of other states.
Regulatory Reform
In June, the MGCB adopted a resolution to ease the
regulatory burden on non-gaming vendors seeking to do
business with Michigan’s commercial casinos.
Under the resolution, companies providing goods or
services that are not directly related to gaming activities
only need to apply for a license from the MGCB if they
receive more than $100,000 in a 12-month period. The
prior limit was $50,000.
Further, marketing service providers or other non-
gaming vendors already registered to do business with
Michigan’s internet gaming or online sports betting
platforms were exempted from the licensing requirement
if they provide less than $400,000 worth of goods or
services to any of Detroit’s three land-based commercial
casinos.
MICHIGAN
73
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
74
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $2.67
billion, Mississippi’s highest annual
total since 2008.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
26
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Riverboat Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Mississippi Gaming
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$2.67B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$311.5M
Market Overview
Mississippi offers commercial casino gaming at 26 land-based and
riverboat casinos located along the Mississippi River and the Gulf
Coast. The casinos, which offer electronic gaming devices, table
games, and sports betting, are regulated by the Mississippi Gaming
Commission.
The Mississippi legislature first authorized casino gaming in
1990, strictly limiting it to facilities docked on waterways. After
Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the legislature passed a new law
authorizing commercial casinos on the state’s Gulf Coast to
rebuild on dry land so long as those casinos remained within 800
feet of the water. Casinos began offering sports betting in August
2018.
While there is no statutory limit on the number of commercial
casinos that can be established in Mississippi, casino projects
must meet certain minimum criteria in order to receive a license.
Mississippi
SOURCE: Mississippi Gaming Commission
2.080
(-2.0%)
2.127
(+2.2%)
2.201
(+3.5%)
1.795
(-18.4%)
2.669
(+48.7%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
MS
MISSISSIPPI: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, Mississippi’s commercial casinos generated
total gaming revenue of $2.67 billion, up 48.7 percent
versus 2020 and 21.3 percent from the pre-pandemic
2019. It was the Mississippi commercial casino gaming
market’s highest annual revenue total since 2008 and
came despite the closure of most Gulf Coast casinos for
several days in August due to Hurricane Ida.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices
as reported by the Mississippi Gaming Commission was
$2.18 billion, up 49.9 percent versus 2020, while table
game revenue was $368.0 million, up 39.2 percent.
Sports betting revenue was a record $65.9 million, an
increase of 50.6 percent on the prior year.
The Mississippi market’s strong recovery was shared by
the state’s dozen commercial casinos situated on the
Gulf Coast and by its riverboat casinos in the Mississippi
River market. Gulf Coast casinos reported record gaming
revenue of $1.61 billion in 2021, up 48.9 percent
against 2020, while casinos on the Mississippi River
reported gaming revenue of $1.06 billion, up 47.9
percent and their highest total since 2013.
MISSISSIPPI
75
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Gaming Tax Distribution
Mississippi imposes a graduated tax based on monthly
gaming revenue. Casinos pay a 4 percent tax on gross
gaming revenue that falls below $50,000 per month; 6
percent on revenue between $50,000 and $134,000
per month; and 8 percent on gaming revenue exceeding
$134,000.
In addition, each of the local Mississippi municipalities
that host commercial casinos charge an additional
annual license fee at an average rate of 3-4 percent
of gaming revenue. Revenue from sports wagering is
taxed at the same state and local rates as revenue from
traditional casino games. Sportsbook operations are
further subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax
applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, Mississippi commercial casinos generated
approximately $311.5 million in direct gaming tax
revenue, an increase of 45.7 percent versus 2020,
according to statistics collected by the Mississippi
Gaming Commission.
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
+0%
+5%
+10%
+15%
+20%
+25%
Providence
Detroit
New Orleans
The Poconos
Laughlin
Atlantic City
Lake Charles
Queens/Yonkers
Shreveport
St. Louis
Pittsburgh/Meadowlands
Chicagoland
Cincinnati Area
Philadelphia
Baltimore-Washington DC
Las Vegas Strip
Kansas City
Boulder Strip
Indianapolis
Miami
Black Hawk/Central City
Council Bluffs
Reno/Sparks
Downtown Las Vegas
Tunica/Lula
Gulf Coast
YOY CHANGE
SOURCE: State Gaming Commissions
*GGR excludes contributions from sports betting and online gaming
USA: TWO-YEAR COMMERCIAL CASINO GGR GROWTH BY MARKET
2021 vs 2019
In 2021, Mississippi’s Gulf Coast and Tunica/Lula regions were the two
fastest growing commercial casino gaming markets in the country when
compared to pre-pandemic revenue totals for 2019.
Of that amount, approximately $171.6 million was
distributed to Mississippi’s General Fund. The General
Fund is used to support various state budgetary needs,
including education programs, transportation, local
public safety programs, and social welfare initiatives.
Some $103.9 million worth of gaming tax revenue
in 2021 was transferred to local governments that
host casinos. A further $36 million was allocated for
Mississippi’s Special Bond Sinking Fund, which is
mainly used to pay for improvements to state roads
and bridges.
Competitive Landscape
Mississippi’s commercial casinos compete in a crowded
statewide gaming market that also includes three tribal
casinos owned by the Mississippi Band of Choctaw
Indians. Unlike the 26 commercial properties along the
Gulf Coast and the Mississippi River, the three tribal
casinos are located in the middle of the state near
Jackson, the state’s largest city.
Commercial casino operators also face significant
competition from properties in neighboring states.
Mississippi casinos in the Tunica/Lula market compete
directly with Arkansas’ Southland Casino Racing
racino for patrons from the Memphis area. Meanwhile,
Mississippi Gulf Coast casinos compete with various
casinos in Louisiana. While the ability of Mississippi
casinos since 2018 to offer sports betting had given
them a competitive edge, Louisiana casinos were able to
launch sportsbook operations in November 2021, with
statewide mobile sports wagering set to follow in early
2022.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
Mississippi saw several bills to legalize online sports
betting once again fail to gain traction in 2021, despite
expanding regional competition.
Unlike other states, Mississippi did not have to pass a
specific law to authorize sports betting in the wake of
May 2018’s U.S. Supreme Court ruling; instead, sports
wagering was interpreted to fall under the broader range
of gaming activities already permitted by the state’s
casino gaming statute.
A series of bills introduced in the House and Senate
in early 2021 would have authorized commercial
casinos to operate statewide online sports betting,
rather than remaining confined to wagers placed by
players only while on-property. Neither the House nor
Senate legislation received a vote before the deadline to
advance the bill out of committee.
The demise of Mississippi’s legislation came a few
months before the Louisiana legislature in June 2021
passed a much broader sports betting law to permit
wagers not only at land-based casinos, but also via
patrons’ mobile devices and through kiosks in bars
and other locations. In December, gaming regulators in
neighboring Arkansas approved new rules to authorize
statewide online sports betting as well.
MISSISSIPPI
76
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
77
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was a record
$1.90 billion, up 50.1 percent
from 2020.The increased revenue
came despite fewer overall visits to
Missouri casinos than in the years
prior to the pandemic.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
13
CASINO FORMAT
Riverboat Casinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Missouri Gaming
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$1.90B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$458.8M
Market Overview
Missouri offers commercial casino gaming at 13 riverboat casinos,
each of which operates electronic gaming devices and table games.
The casinos are regulated by the Missouri Gaming Commission.
In 1992, Missouri voters approved a constitutional amendment
to allow “gambling excursion boats” on the Missouri and
Mississippi Rivers, subject to approval from voters in casinos’
host communities. In accordance with a 2008 state constitutional
amendment, no additional commercial casinos can be added to
the Missouri market beyond the initial 13 properties without the
approval of voters via a statewide constitutional referendum.
Missouri
SOURCE: Missouri Gaming Commission
1,735
(+1.2%)
1,754
(+1.1%)
1,729
(-1.4%)
1,264
(-26.9%)
1,897
(+50.1%)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
MO
MISSOURI: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was a record $1.90 billion, up 50.1 percent
versus the previous year and 9.7 percent compared to
2019.
Statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices was
$1.64 billion, up 50.6 percent versus 2020, while table
game revenue was $252.7 million, up 46.6 percent.
The state’s record annual revenue total was achieved
with significantly fewer admissions to Missouri’s
commercial casinos in 2021 relative to the pre-
pandemic years of 2019 and 2018. Casinos admitted
some 30.2 million patrons in 2021, compared to 36.7
million in 2019, meaning patrons spent more per visit in
2021 than they did in the years prior to the pandemic.
MISSOURI
78
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Gaming Tax Distribution
Missouri commercial casino gaming revenue is taxed
at 21 percent. Additionally, there is a $2 admission
fee for every two hours that each patron is on board a
riverboat.
In 2021, Missouri’s commercial casinos generated
total gaming tax revenue of $458.8 million, including
admissions fees, an increase of 48.3 percent versus the
previous year.
The majority of gaming tax revenue, approximately
$358.5 million in 2021, is reserved for Missouri’s
Gaming Proceeds for Education Fund. The fund
was created by the Missouri legislature in 1993 and
distributes funds annually to statewide education
programs.
Elsewhere, approximately $70 million in gaming taxes
and admissions fees were paid to local governments
that host Missouri’s casinos, while some $30 million
was set aside for additional social causes, including
responsible gaming initiatives that are supported by a
state gaming fund.
Competitive Landscape
Missouri’s commercial casinos face significant and
expanding out-of-state competition. The state’s trio of
casinos in the Kansas City area compete directly with a
fourth casino in Kansas City, Kansas, while properties in
the St. Louis market compete with two casinos in East
St. Louis and Alton, Illinois.
Under a sweeping 2019 gaming expansion bill
passed in Illinois, the St. Louis casinos are set to face
additional competition in the form of electronic gaming
devices and table games at the FanDuel Sportsbook
& Horse Racing facility at Fairmount Park racetrack.
A new Illinois casino is also authorized in Williamson
County, roughly 60 miles from Missouri’s Century
Casino Cape Girardeau.
SOURCE: Missouri Gaming Commission
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
St. Louis Kansas City Other
REVENUE (US$M)
MISSOURI CASINOS: ANNUAL GAMING REVENUE
BY AREA
2008 to 2021
Missouri’s commercial casino gaming industry is dominated
by properties that serve the Greater St. Louis and Kansas
City markets, which together accounted for more than 86
percent of total statewide casino gaming revenue in 2021.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Expansion
Though the legislature considered a series of bills
related to sports betting and electronic gaming devices
in 2021, none were passed.
Sports betting bills were passed out of House and
Senate committees but never brought up for a vote on
the floor of either chamber before lawmakers adjourned
in May.
Legislation to authorize a network of legal electronic
gaming devices (specifically video lottery terminals,
or VLTs) in retail locations under the authority of the
Missouri Lottery similarly was approved by committees
but not on the House or Senate floor. Missouri
commercial casino operators voiced support for legal
sports betting but are opposed to VLTs because of
concerns that they would cannibalize commercial casino
gaming revenue.
The VLT measure would be a policy response to the
proliferation of unregulated electronic gaming devices
in gas stations and other locations across Missouri over
recent years, which operators claim do not violate state
gambling laws because games offered by the devices
are allegedly based in part on player skill.
Further bills to tighten Missouri gambling laws to
prohibit such devices were similarly approved by
legislative committees in 2021 but, again, did not pass
either the House or Senate.
Policy discussions on all three issues—sports betting,
VLTs and illegal gaming devices—are expected to
resume in 2022.
MISSOURI
79
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
80
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
The Montana Lottery reported
total sports betting revenue of
approximately $6.4 million in 2021,
the first full year of lawful sports
wagering in the state.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Montana Lottery
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$6.4M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$1.2M
Market Overview
Montana has no commercial casino venues but offers
sports betting through a network of sports wagering
kiosks operated by the Montana Lottery.
A May 2019 state law authorized the Montana Lottery
to operate sports wagering via electronic devices
and mobile applications available on the premises
of approved retail locations that are already licensed
to host limited-stakes electronic gaming devices,
charitable gaming, or bingo. Sports betting is regulated
by the Montana Lottery Commission.
Montana
SOURCE
: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
*Data excludes revenue from sportsbooks located at casinos/racinos
Arizona
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Montana
New Hampshire
Indiana
Delaware
D.C.
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
MT
UNITED STATES: NON-CASINO RETAIL SPORTSBOOK
GGR BY STATE
2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total sports betting revenue was approximately
$6.4 million, according to the Montana Lottery.
That was nearly triple the total from 2020 when the
initial rollout of sports betting kiosks in March was
severely disrupted by the onset of COVID-19, forcing
bars and other host locations to close for a six-week
period and postponing major sporting events.
Sports betting also became more widely available
in 2021, with more than 450 locations hosting the
Montana Lottery’s sports wagering kiosks at the close of
the year versus around 300 at the end of 2020.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Sports betting operated by the Montana Lottery is
not subject to taxation per se; instead, the lottery
returns all net revenue after operating expenses,
including marketing and technology costs and retailer
commissions, to specific programs as determined by the
state legislature. As sports betting is operated directly
by the state, it is not subject to the 0.25 percent federal
excise tax applied to commercial operators’ wagering
handle.
In 2021, sports betting generated profits for the
Montana Lottery of approximately $1.2 million. Under
state law, all net profits generated by the Montana
Lottery are distributed either to the state’s General Fund
or to a scholarship fund to prepare high school students
for degrees in science, technology, engineering, and
healthcare.
Competitive Landscape
In addition to sports betting, Montana’s wider gaming
market includes 15 tribal casinos and three horse
racetracks. Licensed bars and charitable gaming
locations can also be licensed to offer limited card
games, bingo, charitable sports pools, and up to 20
limited-stakes electronic gaming devices.
Montana’s status as the only state in the upper Great
Plains region with legal sports betting ended in 2021
when South Dakota authorized sports wagering at
commercial casinos in the city of Deadwood, located
roughly 65 miles from the Montana border. Online
sports betting was also legalized in Wyoming and
sportsbooks were launched at certain tribal casinos in
North Dakota.
MONTANA
81
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In November, the Montana Lottery Commission
published amended regulations for sports betting to
remove a requirement that establishments have a
license to serve alcohol in order to qualify for a permit
to host lottery-operated sports betting kiosks.
The change was proposed after a county district
court judge ruled in 2020 that the provisions in the
Montana Lottery’s initial sports wagering regulations
were contrary to the intent of state law, which requires
only that sports betting host locations have a gambling
license, but not necessarily an alcohol license.
Among other technical changes, the lottery commission
also proposed removing a regulation setting a 6 percent
commission for sports betting retailers based on the
amount wagered through kiosks in their establishments.
While the commission rate itself would not be changed,
regulators said that removing the amount from the
regulations would give the Montana Lottery greater
flexibility to do so in the future.
The regulatory amendments were subject to public
comment until December 1 and scheduled for formal
adoption by the commission in January 2022.
Charitable Gaming
Another change to Montana’s sports betting framework
was made in March 2021 when Gov. Steve Bullock (R)
signed a bill removing stake and prize limits for sports
pool or sports tab games offered by bars and other
locations with gambling licenses. Previously, charitable
sports pool games could not cost more than $25 per
entry or offer a total prize pool greater than $2,500.
Another bill signed by Gov. Bullock the same month
authorized operators of businesses with gambling
licenses to offer a player reward program to their
patrons.
82
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was a record
$13.43 billion as casino-resorts on
the Las Vegas Strip led the Nevada
gaming market’s recovery from the
worst impacts of the pandemic.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
215
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Internet Poker; Sports
Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Nevada Gaming
Control Board; Nevada
Gaming Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$13.43B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$1.02B
Market Overview
After establishing the first modern regulatory system for casino
gaming in the late 1950s, Nevada has long been known as a
premier domestic and international gaming destination, welcoming
millions of visitors to its casino-resorts each year.
Nevada became the first state to legalize internet gaming in 2001
before adopting regulations ten years later limited to online poker
games. Exempted from the 1992 congressional law that previously
prevented states from legalizing sports, Nevada is also the most
well-established market for legal sports wagering in the United
States.
The state’s commercial casinos are regulated by the Nevada
Gaming Control Board (NGCB) and Nevada Gaming Commission
(NGC), with no restrictions on the number of licenses available.
Nevada
SOURCE: Nevada Gaming Control Board
11,571
(+2.8%)
11,917
(+3.0%)
12,032
(+1.0%)
7,873
(-34.6%)
13,430
(+70.6%)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
NV
NEVADA: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was an all-time record $13.43 billion, up 70.6
percent compared to 2020 and 11.6 percent higher
than the state’s pre-pandemic 2019 total.
The record revenue reflects apparent pent-up demand
for gaming, travel, and leisure on the part of American
consumers following the successful rollout of COVID-19
vaccinations and the end of the harshest virus-related
restrictions.
In 2021, Las Vegas received more than 32 million visits
from tourists, a significant increase from 19 million in
2020 but still below 2019’s 42 million total. The lower
visitation numbers were counterbalanced by higher per-
visitor gambling spend than in previous years.
After suffering a sharper decline than other areas of
the state in 2020, the Las Vegas Strip led the Nevada
gaming market’s recovery in 2021. Casino-resorts on
the Strip reported total revenue from electronic gaming
devices and table games of $6.92 billion, up 89.6
percent, while those in other parts of Nevada that are
less dependent on tourist visitation reported gaming
revenue of $6.07 billion, up 53.7 percent.
NEVADA
83
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Total statewide gaming revenue from electronic gaming
devices was $9.24 billion, up 70.5 percent versus
2020, while revenue from table games was $3.75
billion, up 71.4 percent.
Despite expanding competition from other states,
Nevada also reported record revenue from sports
betting in 2021. Sports betting revenue of $445.1
million represented an increase of 69.4 percent from
2020 and 35.3 percent from 2019’s prior record of
$329.0 million.
YOY GROWTH
SOURCE: Nevada Gaming Control Board
-60%
-40%
-20%
+0%
+20%
+40%
+60%
+80%
+100%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Vegas Strip GGR YoY Growth
REVENUE (US
$
M)
LAS VEGAS STRIP: ANNUAL GAMING REVENUES
2007 to 2021
Commercial casinos on the Las Vegas Strip reported record gaming revenue
of almost $7.1 billion in 2021 despite minimal foreign tourist arrivals and
total visits down more than 24 percent from the pre-pandemic year of 2019.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Nevada commercial casinos are subject to a state tax
of 6.75 percent on all gross gaming revenue exceeding
$134,000 per month, with lower rates applying to
revenue below that threshold.
Casino operators are also subject to a tax on live
entertainment offerings hosted within their resorts.
Further, quarterly and annual fees are assessed
according to the number of electronic gaming devices
and table games installed on casinos’ gaming floors.
Meanwhile, host counties and municipalities may
impose additional fees. Nevada sportsbook operations
are also subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax
applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, Nevada collected a total of $1.02 billion in
state gaming and live entertainment taxes revenue
from commercial casinos, a 67.9 percent increase from
2020.
Nevada commercial casinos generated state tax revenue
of approximately $898.3 million from taxes applied
as a percentage of gaming revenue, up 76.5 percent
versus the prior year. A more gradual resumption of
live entertainment offerings meant collections from
live entertainment taxes amounted to $46.5 million in
2021, up 82.7 percent from 2020 but down from more
than $110 million in the pre-pandemic year of 2019.
In accordance with state law, the vast majority of tax
revenue from gaming is directed to Nevada’s General
Fund, then appropriated on a biennial basis for purposes
including statewide education programs, transportation
services, and general budgetary needs. Additional
funds are allocated to local school systems and county
governments.
Competitive Landscape
As one of the world’s foremost destinations for
entertainment and business conventions, Las Vegas
faces a somewhat different competitive environment
than most other U.S. gaming markets.
While Las Vegas’ commercial casinos compete for drive-
in patrons to some extent with southern California tribal
casinos, the city as a whole also competes with various
national and international locations for discretionary
tourist and business traveler dollars.
In 2021, the Las Vegas Strip welcomed its first major
new casino-resort in more than a decade when Resorts
World Las Vegas opened in June. Various other casino-
resorts have announced plans to develop new non-
gaming amenities or upgrade their facilities.
Outside of Las Vegas, commercial casinos in Reno and
other parts of northern Nevada continue to face increasing
competition from the dozens of tribal casinos in northern
California, with several additional California projects
currently under development or awaiting federal approval.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Regulatory Reform
The Nevada legislature passed several gaming reforms
during its 2021 biennial session held from February to
June.
One bill signed by Gov. Steve Sisolak (D) in June
established a new advisory committee to the Nevada
Gaming Control Board to make policy recommendations
on integrity matters related to wagering on competitive
esports events. The seven-member committee was
established in November.
A separate bill included provisions to accelerate the
approval process for new casino games and enable
operators to deploy new electronic gaming devices that
have been recommended for approval from the NGCB
without waiting for final confirmation from the Nevada
Gaming Commission.
Further legislative reforms were made regarding the
reporting obligations of Nevada commercial casinos with
foreign gaming operations, repealing legal provisions
regarding sports wagering investment funds, tightening
statutory prohibitions on match-fixing, and making
further technical changes to gaming laws.
Internet Gaming
In April, the Nevada Gaming Control Board published
draft regulatory amendments to expand the state’s
regulated internet gaming market beyond online poker to
encompass all interactive casino games.
The proposed amendment was scheduled to be
discussed by industry stakeholders during an NGCB
workshop in May, but that meeting was postponed due
to the state’s legislative session and never rescheduled
before the end of the year. While several larger casino-
resort operators are known to be in favor of allowing
wider forms of internet gaming, the NGCB’s proposal
was criticized by a coalition of other Nevada gaming
operators who raised concerns of cannibalizing
traditional land-based casino revenue.
Because Nevada’s gaming law does not restrict the types
of interactive gaming that can be offered in the state,
regulators have authority to amend state rules to permit
games other than poker, without legislative approval.
NEVADA
84
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
85
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
New Hampshire reported total sports
betting revenue of $43.8 million in
2021, an increase of more than 85
percent on the previous year.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
New Hampshire
Lottery Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$43.8M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$20.0M
Market Overview
New Hampshire has no commercial casino
venues but offers sports betting through the
New Hampshire Lottery and its contracted
sportsbook partner.
A state law passed in July 2019 authorizes
the New Hampshire Lottery to offer full
sports betting through mobile platforms and
at up to ten retail sportsbook locations by
partnering with a maximum of five private
operators to conduct sports wagering on
its behalf. The lottery is also authorized to
directly operate sports lottery parlay games
through its traditional network of retailers.
Through a request for proposals process, the
New Hampshire Lottery selected DraftKings
to be its exclusive agent for mobile and
retail sports wagering. DraftKings’ New
Hampshire mobile sportsbook was launched
in December 2019 and its first retail
locations were opened in 2020.
New Hampshire
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Land-based Online
Delaware
D.C.
Oregon
Connecticut
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Iowa
Arizona
Tennessee
Colorado
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
NH
UNITED STATES: COMMERCIAL SPORTSBOOK GGR BY STATE
2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total sports betting revenue in New
Hampshire was $43.8 million, an increase of 85.4
percent versus 2020.
The strong growth reflected not only the more
consistent schedule of major sporting events, but
also a first full year of retail sportsbook operations in
New Hampshire to complement DraftKings’ mobile
platform.
Online sports betting accounted for around 79.9 percent
of total sports betting revenue in 2021, compared with
more than 90 percent the previous year. Total revenue
from online sports betting was $35.0 million in 2021,
up 64.0 percent, while revenue from land-based sports
betting was $8.8 million, versus just $2.3 million in
2020. The increase in retail sports wagering revenue
came after a third DraftKings sportsbook was opened in
Dover in October.
Gaming Tax Distribution
As part of revenue-sharing terms DraftKings agreed
to as part of its 2019 contract to serve as the New
Hampshire Lottery’s exclusive sports betting agent,
revenue from sports betting in New Hampshire is
subject to a tax rate of 51 percent for mobile sports
wagering and 50 percent for retail sportsbook locations,
with limited deductions for promotional credits offered
to patrons.
Lottery-operated parlay sports betting will be subject
to a tax rate of 19.25 percent once it becomes
operational.
In 2021, sports betting generated total tax revenue of
approximately $20.0 million, up 81.7 percent on the
previous year.
The vast majority of that total was distributed to the New
Hampshire Education Trust Fund, which provides grants
to local school districts. Additional funds were allocated
to cover administrative costs and to fund a new state
responsible gambling council that was established under
the 2019 sports betting law.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
86
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Competitive Landscape
Aside from sports betting, New Hampshire’s broader
gaming market includes a racetrack and simulcast
facilities, as well as 17 charitable gaming locations that
are authorized to operate electronic bingo devices and
historical horse racing terminals, among other games.
The New Hampshire Lottery also offers a range of online
lottery games.
Although New Hampshire currently enjoys a competitive
advantage with none of its bordering states offering
legal sports betting, Maine, Massachusetts, and
Vermont all considered legislation in 2021 and are
poised to resume policy discussions in 2022.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Internet Gaming
The New Hampshire Lottery Commission scored a
significant legal victory in January 2021 when the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld a
lower court ruling that a 1961 federal law prohibiting
interstate gambling transmissions applies exclusively to
sports betting.
The U.S. Department of Justice advised in 2011
that 1961’s Wire Act applies only to sports betting
transmissions, and not to those related to lotteries
or casino gaming. The DOJ reversed course in 2018,
however, prompting the legal challenge brought by the
New Hampshire Lottery and its online lottery technology
partner.
Online sports betting operators have been able to
navigate the Wire Act by installing separate servers to
register bets within each state. But internet gaming
and online poker platforms, state lotteries, and certain
other segments of the broader gaming industry had
instead relied upon interstate communications to
central systems in order to support their operations, in
accordance with the 2011 DOJ memo.
Sports Betting
In July, Gov. Chris Sununu (R) signed a bill to amend
New Hampshire’s 2019 sports betting law and permit
all types of wagers at the state’s retail sportsbooks.
As initially enacted, the law prohibited land-based
sportsbooks from offering in-play wagers on games,
limiting that form of betting to mobile platforms.
The new legislation was enacted after the New
Hampshire House rejected a Senate amendment that
would have also lifted the statutory limit for no more
than ten land-based sportsbook locations in the state.
At the end of 2021, just three of the permitted
sportsbooks were open. A total of 21 New Hampshire
towns and cities had approved local referendums to
permit sports betting in their jurisdictions, however. In
November, city residents in Nashua voted to approve
sports betting, having initially rejected it in a November
2019 referendum.
Expansion
In June, Gov. Sununu signed legislation to authorize
electronic gaming devices based on the outcome of
historical horse races.
Under the new state law, established charitable gaming
facilities became authorized to add historic horse racing
terminals subject to a maximum bet limit of $25.
The devices, which offer similar game characteristics to
electronic gaming devices in casinos, are also permitted
in Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Oregon, Virginia, and
Wyoming.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
87
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
88
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino
gaming revenue increased 64.4 percent to
$4.74 billion, New Jersey’s highest annual
total since 2007, as Atlantic City casinos were
able to resume full operations and online
sportsbook and internet gaming platforms
continued their impressive growth.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
9
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Internet Gaming;
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
New Jersey Division of
Gaming Enforcement;
New Jersey Casino
Control Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$4.74B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$562.0M
Market Overview
New Jersey offers commercial casino gaming at nine land-based
casinos located in Atlantic City. The casinos, which operate
electronic gaming devices, table games, and sports betting, are
regulated by the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement and
the New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Sports betting is also
available at state-licensed horse racetracks that do not offer other
forms of casino gaming.
New Jersey voters first approved casino gaming in 1976 via a
constitutional amendment that restricted casinos to Atlantic City.
The state’s first commercial casino opened two years later.
Internet gaming was legalized in 2013, with online and land-based
sports betting following in 2018 after New Jersey successfully
challenged a federal ban on sports wagering before the U.S.
Supreme Court. At the close of 2021, a total of 30 internet casinos
and 21 online sportsbooks were operational.
.
New Jersey
SOURCE: New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement
2,903
(+9.2%)
3,469
(+19.5%)
2,881
(-16.9%)
4,737
(+64.4%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
NJ
NEW JERSEY: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
Total statewide gaming revenue reached $4.74 billion in
2021, an increase of 64.4 percent from 2020 and 36.6
percent from 2019. The annual total was New Jersey’s
highest since 2007 and reflected the resumption of full
operations in Atlantic City as well as continued strong growth
in revenue from internet gaming and sports betting.
Compared with 2020, revenue from traditional land-
based casino gaming offerings in Atlantic City increased
69.1 percent to $2.55 billion. Total statewide revenue
from electronic gaming devices was $1.87 billion, up
72.5 percent relative to the prior year, while table game
revenue was $680.0 million, up 60.2 percent.
New Jersey’s internet casinos continued to report strong
growth in 2021. Total annual internet gaming revenue
exceeded a billion dollars for the first time to reach
$1.37 billion, an increase of 40.9 percent.
Meanwhile, statewide revenue from sports wagering was
$815.8 million, more than double 2020’s total of $398.5
million. Online sports betting accounted for approximately
91 percent, or $740.5 million, of the 2021 total.
Gaming Tax Distribution
New Jersey commercial gaming revenue is taxed at
varying rates depending on the type of gaming offered,
and whether games are played at land-based facilities or
via online platforms.
Land-based commercial casino gaming revenue is taxed
at an effective rate of 9.25 percent. That rate comprises
an 8 percent state gaming tax and a 1.25 percent
obligation for investment in economic development
projects in Atlantic City and throughout New Jersey.
Internet casino gaming revenue, meanwhile, is taxed
at an effective rate of 17.5 percent, comprised of a 15
percent state gaming tax and a 2.5 percent community
investment obligation.
Revenue from land-based sports betting is taxed at an
effective rate of 9.75 percent, while online sports betting
is taxed at 14.25 percent. Sportsbook operations are
further subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax
applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, New Jersey commercial casinos and racetracks
generated approximately $562.0 million in total state
tax revenue from gaming operations, an increase of 60.2
percent on the previous year when tax revenue from
land-based casino gaming was severely disrupted by the
pandemic.
Of the 2021 total, approximately $485.7 million was
deposited into the New Jersey Casino Revenue Fund,
which is earmarked to fund programs for New Jersey’s
senior citizens and disabled residents.
On top of the Casino Revenue Fund, approximately $70.0
million was also distributed by operators into a separate
fund that supports economic development and community
projects in Atlantic City. Additional recipients of gaming
tax revenue in 2021 included New Jersey’s General Fund
and local municipal and county governments that host
racetracks with sportsbook operations.
Competitive Landscape
Atlantic City commercial casinos compete in a crowded
Mid-Atlantic region that includes five casino properties
in the Greater Philadelphia market that was further
expanded in 2021 with the opening of the Live! Casino &
Hotel Philadelphia in the city’s Stadium District.
After enjoying a regional monopoly on commercial
casino gaming throughout the 1980s and 1990s, New
Jersey land-based casinos have seen their revenue from
traditional electronic gaming devices and table games
decline by more than half since Pennsylvania’s first
casinos opened in 2006.
NEW JERSEY
89
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement
Land-based Casinos Internet Gaming Sports Betting
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
NEW JERSEY: COMMERCIAL GAMING REVENUE
2006 to 2021
In 2021, total commercial gaming revenue in New
Jersey reached its highest total since 2007 as internet
gaming platforms continued to report strong growth
even after the full reopening of Atlantic City land-based
casinos.
Looking ahead, future competitive challenges for New
Jersey’s commercial casino gaming market are expected
to come primarily from New York. After legalizing mobile
sports betting in April 2021, New York was expected to
launch in early 2020.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
Firmly established as the largest sports betting market
in the country, but facing rising competition, New Jersey
took several steps in 2021 to reform the state’s sports
wagering statute.
In November, Gov. Phil Murphy (D) signed legislation
amending several definitions within the law to enable
sportsbooks to offer wagers on a much wider range of
competitive video game or esports tournaments, as well
as entertainment events such as televised talent shows
or the Oscars. The new legislation also clarified that
operators may only offer bets on events that have been
approved for wagering by New Jersey’s Division of Gaming
Enforcement (DGE), with much lower bet and win limits
to be initially applied until the DGE has verified an event’s
integrity policies.
In June, the legislature approved a separate bill
authorizing sports betting operators to deduct free bets
and promotional credits from taxable revenue. Gov.
Murphy amended the legislation in November, however,
recommending that the deductions apply exclusively to
in-person wagering at retail sportsbook locations and not
to online or mobile sports betting.
Lawmakers also approved a resolution in June to permit
wagering on New Jersey collegiate teams, which was
banned under an original 2011 state constitutional
amendment. However, 57 percent of state voters rejected
expansion of college betting in a referendum that was
held alongside the gubernatorial election in November.
Horse Racing
In August, Gov. Murphy also signed legislation to
authorize fixed-odds wagering on horse racing in New
Jersey. Unlike fixed-odds bets on football or other sports,
a bettor placing a wager through the traditional pari-
mutuel system used for horse racing enters a pool and
will not know the odds he or she is receiving until the pool
is closed and the race begins.
Permitting fixed-odds betting on horse racing is
considered a key step towards a closer integration of
sports betting and racing, which are normally offered
alongside one another by sportsbook platforms in Europe
or Australia. Notably, in New Jersey, fixed-odds wagering
is being regulated by the Division of Gaming Enforcement
which oversees sports betting, rather than the state’s
racing commission.
NEW JERSEY
90
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
91
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $216.2
million, up 317 percent versus 2020.
New Mexico racinos were closed for
more than 11 months after shuttering
in March 2020 due to the onset of the
pandemic.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
5
CASINO FORMAT
Racinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
New Mexico Gaming
Control Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$216.2M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$100.0M
Market Overview
New Mexico offers commercial casino gaming at five racinos.
Electronic gaming devices at licensed racetracks were authorized
under a 1997 state law and are regulated by the New Mexico
Gaming Control Board.
Although there is no statutory limit on the number of racinos that
may operate in New Mexico, under the state’s existing compacts
with its federally recognized tribes, no more than six commercial
racinos are allowed.
Racinos are restricted to a maximum of 750 electronic gaming
devices and are not permitted to offer table games. New Mexico
is also the only state that maintains restrictions on the operating
hours at all of its commercial casino properties. Electronic gaming
devices at racetracks may only be operated on days when live
or simulcast horse races are being held, up to 18 hours per day,
and may not exceed a total of 112 operating hours in a one-week
period.
New Mexico
SOURCE: New Mexico Gaming Control Board
228
(-2/1%)
235
(+3.5%)
244
(+3.7%)
52
(-78.8%)
216
(+317%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
NM
NEW MEXICO: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $216.2 million. While the total was more
than four times higher than 2020’s $51.8 million, it
was still down 11.4 percent from the pre-pandemic
year of 2019.
New Mexico’s imposed the longest shutdown in the
country on commercial casino gaming properties due to
the COVID-19 pandemic and did not permit properties
to reopen gaming floors until late February 2021,
having been ordered to close on March 16, 2020.
Gaming Tax Distribution
New Mexico commercial casino gaming revenue is taxed
at an effective rate of 46.25 percent.
In 2021, New Mexico commercial racinos generated
total gaming tax revenue of approximately $100.0
million, up 317.1 percent on the previous year.
Of that amount, roughly $56.2 million was distributed
to the state’s General Fund. That fund is allocated each
year for state budgetary expenditures by the New Mexico
Department of Revenue, subject to approval by the state
legislature.
An additional $43.2 million in commercial casino
gaming tax revenue was distributed to New Mexico’s
horse racing industry to supplement race purses, with
the remainder allocated to the funding of problem
gambling services.
Competitive Landscape
New Mexico commercial casinos face considerable
competition from the state’s 21 tribal casinos and
gaming venues. Unlike the state’s racinos, tribal casinos
are permitted to offer table games and sports betting
in addition to electronic gaming devices. New Mexico
racinos face more limited competition from licensed
non-profit organizations, such as veteran and fraternal
groups, which are authorized to operate a maximum of
15 electronic gaming devices with restricted payouts.
The competitive environment for commercial casino
gaming in New Mexico is expected to remain stable for
the foreseeable future. The state’s Racing Commission in
2018 rejected all applications for a sixth and final racino
license and lawmakers in neighboring Texas again refused
to take up legislation to authorize casinos in 2021.
NEW MEXICO
92
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: New Mexico Gaming Control Board
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Racetrack SlotsTribal Casinos (adjusted net win)
REVENUE (US$M)
NEW MEXICO: GAMING REVENUE BY VENUE TYPE
2010 to 2021
While New Mexico hosts five commercial racinos offering
electronic gaming devices, the state’s commercial gaming
market is overshadowed by 21 tribal casinos that generated
almost $650 million in casino gaming revenue in 2021.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Expansion
In 2021, New Mexico lawmakers declined to consider
legislation that would authorize table games and sports
betting at the state’s five racinos under the authority of
the New Mexico Lottery.
A bill introduced in the House in January would have
allowed each racino to deploy up to three platforms, or
“skins,” to offer online sports betting on a statewide basis.
The bill expired in February after it failed to receive a
committee vote. An official fiscal analysis of the bill
cautioned that the authorization of additional Forms of
Gaming, even via the state lottery, could violate the terms
of New Mexico’s tribal gaming compacts and lead to a
loss of revenue-sharing payments from tribal casinos.
A separate bill was also introduced in the House in
February to create a nine-member Gaming Reform
Commission to study New Mexico’s gaming market and
develop policy proposals to enhance opportunities for
commercial casino gaming operators, sovereign tribal
nations, and charitable organizations. That study bill
also never received a committee vote.
93
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $2.71
billion, more than double the total
from 2020 when COVID-19 forced
New York’s commercial casinos and
racinos to close for almost half the
year.
Market Overview
New York’s commercial gaming market includes seven racinos with
electronic gaming devices, four casino-resorts offering electronic
gaming devices, table games, and sports betting, and one land-
based property offering electronic gaming devices. The casinos and
racinos are all regulated by the New York State Gaming Commission.
Commercial casino gaming was first authorized by a 2001 law that
allowed for the operation of electronic gaming devices at racetracks
under the authority of the New York Lottery.
In 2013, voters approved a constitutional amendment to permit up
to seven commercial casinos and lawmakers enacted legislation to
authorize a maximum of four casino-resorts in different regions of
upstate New York. The 2013 law prohibited any commercial casino-
resort from operating in designated tribal gaming exclusivity zones or
certain specified areas, including New York City, until at least seven
years after the first commercial casino license was awarded.
Sports betting is permitted at the four casino-resorts as a result of language
included in the 2013 constitutional amendment and subsequent legislation
that became effective in 2018 when the federal ban on sports wagering
was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. The state legislature
passed a law to authorize statewide mobile sports betting in 2021.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
12
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
New York State
Gaming Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$2.71B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$1.10B
New York
SOURCE: New York Lottery
2,349
(+16.4%)
2,588
(+10.2%)
2,731
(+5.5%)
1,185
(-56.6%)
2,713
(+129%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US
$
M)
NY
NEW YORK: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $2.71 billion, an increase of 129.0 percent
from 2020 but down 0.7 percent from 2019’s total.
Revenue from electronic gaming devices at New York’s
commercial casinos and racinos totaled $2.53 billion in
2021, up 128.9 percent against 2020, while revenue from
table games was $154.7 million, up 132.0 percent.
Sports betting revenue from land-based sportsbooks in
commercial casinos amounted to $23.3 million, more than
double 2020’s total of $10.8 million.
Although New York now hosts four full casino-resorts
offering a wider range of gaming products including sports
betting, the state’s commercial casino gaming market
remains dominated by its seven racinos that are restricted
to electronic gaming devices. In 2021, the racinos
accounted for 76.9 percent of total commercial gaming
revenue.
NEW YORK
94
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
TOP 20 COMMERCIAL CASINOS BY ANNUAL GGR
2021
After falling to third place in 2020 due to prolonged operating restrictions
caused by the pandemic, Resorts World New York City in Queens generated
the highest gaming revenue of casino properties outside of Nevada in 2021.
New York’s Empire City Casino in Yonkers was sixth, despite both New York
properties being restricted to electronic gaming devices and, unable to offer
table games or sports betting.
SOURCE: New York Lottery
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Ocean Resort (NJ)
Ameristar SC (MO)
Indiana Grand (IN)
Golden Nugget Lake Charles (LA)
Rivers Pittsburgh (PA)
L'Auberge du Lac (LA)
Horseshoe Hammond (IN)
Twin River (RI)
Hard Rock (NJ)
MotorCity Casino (MI)
Wind Creek Bethlehem (PA)
Rivers Des Plaines (IL)
MGM Grand Detroit (MI)
Empire City Casino (NY)
Borgata (NJ)
Parx Casino (PA)
Encore Boston Harbor (MA)
Maryland Live! (MD)
MGM National Harbor (MD)
Resorts World New York (NY)
*GGR excludes contributions from sports betting and internet gaming
** Chart excludes casinos in Nevada and Mississippi due to lack of data
REVENUE (US
$
M)
New York commercial casinos and racinos are taxed at
different rates based on the location of the property and
the type of gaming the property offers.
Racinos, after paying out prizes and deducting
marketing and administrative expenses, return
approximately 55 percent of their revenue to the state.
Revenue from electronic gaming devices in New York’s
four commercial casino-resorts is taxed between 30
percent and 37 percent, depending on the region in
which the casino is located.
Table game and sports betting revenue generated by
commercial casino-resorts is taxed at 10 percent,
regardless of the property’s location. Sportsbook
operations are subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise
tax applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, New York’s commercial casino gaming industry
generated approximately $1.10 billion in total state
gaming tax revenue, up 121.6 percent versus 2020.
Racinos accounted for approximately $932.0 million
of that total, all of which was distributed to the state’s
Education Fund that provides aid for local school
districts across New York.
Education is also one of the primary beneficiaries of tax
revenue from upstate New York’s commercial casino-
resorts. Overall, $132.2 million in tax revenue generated
by commercial casino-resorts in 2021 was used to fund
statewide education programs or provide property tax
relief to New York citizens. A further $33.0 million in
casino tax revenue was distributed to local municipal
and county governments that either host or are located
near commercial casino-resorts.
Competitive Landscape
Commercial casinos and racinos in parts of upstate
New York compete with the state’s 19 tribal casinos and
gaming venues operated by three federally recognized
sovereign tribal nations.
Properties in the New York City area have also
traditionally competed to varying extents with tribal
casino-resorts in Connecticut and commercial casinos
in eastern Pennsylvania and Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Under a 2019 state law, the owner of New York’s
Resorts World Catskills casino-resort is also eligible to
establish a new land-based casino limited to electronic
gaming devices in Orange County, roughly 50 miles
north of New York City.
Since sports betting became legal in New Jersey in 2018,
New York has seen a notable outflow of New York City
residents who place wagers either at the sportsbook at
Meadowlands Racetrack, located some 10 miles from
Manhattan, or via New Jersey’s various mobile sports betting
platforms. That dynamic may change in early 2022, however,
when online sports betting is launched in New York.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In April, Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D) signed a state budget
law that included provisions to legalize online sports
betting via platforms operating independently of the
state’s incumbent commercial casino-resorts.
The legislation required the New York State Gaming
Commission (NYSGC) to stage a competitive bidding
process to award licenses for a minimum of two online
betting platforms representing at least four sportsbook
brands. While the law set a minimum tax threshold,
qualified operators were to be selected based in large
part on the amount of revenue they would be willing to
share with the state.
Successful applicants were required to pay an upfront
license fee of $25 million, as well as an annual fee of
$5 million to New York’s land-based casino-resorts
that would house their online betting servers to ensure
compliance with state constitutional restrictions on
commercial casino gaming.
In November, the NYSGC selected two consortia
representing a total of nine online sportsbook brands
that all agreed to pay a tax rate of 51 percent of their
online sports betting revenue. The commission also
adopted regulations to govern online sports wagering.
NEW YORK
Gaming Tax Distribution
TABLE: NEW YORK EFFECTIVE GAMING TAX RATES
Sector Effective Gaming Tax Rate
Racino EGDs ~55 percent
Casino EGDs 30-37 percent
Casino Table Games 10 percent
Casino Sports Betting 10 percent
95
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Taxation
As part of the same budget law, New York’s four land-
based casino-resorts received authorization to file
petitions with the New York State Gaming Commission
to temporarily reduce the tax rate applied to their
properties’ electronic gaming device revenue for up to a
five-year period.
The commission was mandated to recommended
approval of the request based on an evaluation of the
financial circumstances of the petitioning casino-resort,
evidence of the inability of the casino-resort to remain
competitive under the current rate, and how the casino
operator would use the funds resulting from a tax break,
including its impact on employment.
By the end of the year, two of the four casinos had
taken advantage of the tax provisions to reduce their
effective electronic gaming device tax rates from 45 to
30 percent.
Expansion
Yet another provision of New York’s annual budget law
called upon the NYSGC to hold a request for information
process regarding the three unawarded casino licenses
permitted under the state’s 2013 constitutional
amendment.
Under current state law, the three remaining licenses
cannot be awarded until seven years after the opening
of New York’s first upstate casino-resort, without owing
compensation to incumbent casino operators. However,
lawmakers have the ability to change that timeline and
accelerate the awarding of additional licenses that would
likely be for casino-resorts situated in the lucrative New
York City metropolitan area.
The NYSGC opened the consultation in October and
received a total of 31 responses, including from several
major casino-resort operators, before it closed two
months later.
The consultation process was included in the budget
law after the New York Senate proposed to accelerate
the licensing of additional casinos through the state
budget, but the Assembly did not include any casino
licensing provisions in its own budgetary proposal.
NEW YORK
96
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
97
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Total statewide commercial casino
gaming revenue increased by 60.4
percent to a record $2.31 billion in
2021, a year that also saw the Ohio
legislature pass a bill to regulate
sports betting.
Market Overview
Ohio offers commercial casino gaming at four casino-resorts, each of
which operates electronic gaming devices and table games, and at
seven racinos, which only offer electronic gaming devices. The land-
based casinos are regulated by the Ohio Casino Control Commission
while the racinos are regulated by the Ohio Lottery Commission.
In 2009, Ohio voters approved a ballot initiative authorizing
commercial casinos in the state’s four largest cities of Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Columbus, and Toledo. Two years later, an executive
order approved electronic gaming devices (specifically video lottery
terminals, or VLTs) at established Ohio racetracks. Racinos are limited
to a maximum of 2,500 electronic gaming devices each, half the
statutory limit applied to Ohio’s casino properties.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
11
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Ohio Casino Control
Commission, Ohio
Lottery Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$2.31B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$759.3M
Ohio
REVENUE (US$M)
SOURCE: Ohio Casino Control Commission, Ohio Lottery
1,864
(+4.9%)
1,941
(+4.2%)
1,440
(-25.8%)
2,310
(+60.4%)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
OH
OHIO: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $2.31 billion, up 60.4 percent from 2020
and 19.0 percent from 2019. The 2021 total marked
a record for Ohio’s commercial casino gaming market,
despite a statewide curfew through February 11,
requiring all casinos and racinos to close by 10 or 11
p.m. to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
Ohio’s more suburban racinos experienced a somewhat
stronger recovery in 2021 than the four casino-resorts
located in the downtown areas of the state’s largest
cities, though both categories reported all-time revenue
records. Electronic gaming device revenue at the seven
racinos was $1.33 billion, up 66.5 percent versus
2020. Total revenue from electronic gaming devices and
table games at the four casinos totaled $983.7 million,
an increase of 52.9 percent relative to the previous year.
Total statewide revenue from electronic gaming devices
was $2.02 billion, up 61.8 percent versus 2020, while
table game revenue at commercial casinos was $288.5
million, up 51.2 percent.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Ohio levies a 33 percent tax on casinos’ gross gaming
revenue, while racinos pay a slightly higher 33.5 percent
effective tax rate on their revenue from electronic
gaming devices.
In 2021, casinos and racinos generated total gaming tax
revenue of $759.3 million, up 55.6 percent from 2020.
Casinos accounted for approximately $310.5 million
of the total, while electronic gaming devices at racinos
generated about $449 million.
Roughly 50 percent of casino tax revenue is distributed
to Ohio’s 88 county governments to support local
budgetary needs, including law enforcement,
infrastructure improvements, and other public services.
Another 34 percent is earmarked for the Ohio Student
Fund, which distributes dollars to all school districts,
while 5 percent is returned to the host cities where
casinos are located. The remaining funds are used
to treat problem gambling and cover the costs of the
agencies that regulate gaming in Ohio.
Under Ohio law, all racino gaming tax revenue must be
used to fund state education programs. Accordingly,
racino tax revenue flows into the Lottery Profits
Education Fund, which supports primary and secondary
schools in Ohio.
Competitive Landscape
In addition to fierce competition among the casinos and
racinos within the state, various Ohio casino gaming
properties also compete with gaming venues located in
neighboring markets.
Casinos and racinos in the Cincinnati area contend with
a trio of riverboat casinos stationed on the Indiana side
of the Ohio River and with one Kentucky racetrack that
offers electronic gaming devices based on historical
horse races. Development of a second Kentucky gaming
facility began in 2021 and will add to the competition
once fully open.
Elsewhere, three West Virginia racinos located
along or near the Ohio River draw customers from
Youngstown, Canton, and other Ohio towns located
near the state line.
OHIO
98
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
OHIO: BREAKDOWN OF ANNUAL GAMING REVENUE
2012 to 2021
Ohio’s seven racinos led the recovery of the state’s
commercial casino gaming market in 2021, accounting
for some 57.5 percent of the $2.31 billion in overall
statewide commercial gaming revenue.
SOURCE: Ohio Casino Control Commission, Ohio Lottery
351
821 809 812
798
819
837
851
643
984
79
249
648
831
894
957
1,026
1,091
797
1,327
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Casinos
Racinos
REVENUE (US$M)
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
Ohio was one of seven states to pass legislation to
authorize sports betting in 2021.
In December, Gov. Mike DeWine (R) signed a bill to
legalize land-based sports wagering at commercial
casinos and racinos, major professional sports arenas,
and at up to 19 other retail locations. Limited sports
betting will also be available via kiosks in licensed bars
and restaurants. The bill further authorizes statewide
mobile sports betting through casinos and racinos,
as well as via the designated partners of Ohio’s major
league sports franchises.
Approval of the legislation came after several years of
debate among key stakeholders and members of the Ohio
House and Senate. In 2020, the House passed an earlier
version of the sports betting bill before a special Ohio
Senate committee was established in January 2021 to
review sports wagering and other gaming matters.
The final shape of Ohio’s legislation reflects several
trends in sports betting policy in 2021. Like Ohio,
Arizona and Maryland similarly authorized licenses
for sports teams as well as established casino gaming
operators, while sports betting kiosks at bars and
restaurants formed part of Louisiana’s legislative
framework.
Charitable Gaming
In June, the Ohio legislature passed the state’s annual
budget bill that included provisions to permit electronic
instant bingo devices in fraternal and veterans’ halls
that are already licensed to offer traditional paper bingo
games.
Legislation to authorize electronic instant bingo was
twice approved by the House in 2020, only to die in the
Senate amid opposition from Ohio’s commercial casino
and racino operators.
The 2021 budget bill included new language to
restrict charitable gaming locations to no more than
ten electronic bingo devices and mandate the Ohio
Casino Control Commission and state attorney general
to ensure that the devices do not replicate the gaming
devices available at commercial casinos and racinos.
OHIO
99
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
100
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was
$145.8 million, an all-time high for
Oklahoma’s two racinos.
Market Overview
Oklahoma offers commercial casino gaming at two racinos, which are
regulated by the Oklahoma Horse Racing Commission. The racinos
may only operate electronic gaming devices, with a maximum of 750
devices permitted at Remington Park in Oklahoma City and 250
machines at Cherokee Casino Will Rogers Downs in Claremore.
The racinos were first authorized in 2004 when Oklahoma voters also
ratified the State-Tribal Gaming Act, which established a regulatory
framework for tribal gaming in the state.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
2
CASINO FORMAT
Racinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Oklahoma Horse
Racing Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$145.8M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$66.0M
Oklahoma
125
(+10.2%)
140
(+11.8%)
141
(+0.9%)
102
(-27.8%)
146
(+43.3%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
SOURCE: Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector
REVENUE (US$M)
OK
OKLAHOMA: COMMERCIAL CASINO GAMING
REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was a record $145.8 million, up 43.3 percent
from 2020 and 3.5 percent from the pre-pandemic year
of 2019.
Consistent with previous years, Remington Park, which is
located in the heart of Oklahoma City, accounted for the
vast majority—roughly 84.8 percent—of total statewide
commercial gaming revenue in 2021. The racino, which
is owned by a commercial subsidiary of the Chickasaw
Nation of Oklahoma, posted total gaming revenue of
$123.7 million, up 40.6 percent versus 2020.
Revenue from electronic gaming devices at Cherokee
Casino Will Rogers Downs, owned by the Cherokee
Nation, was $22.1 million, up 60.1 percent.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Oklahoma taxes commercial casino revenue at different
rates based on the amount of revenue generated. Rates
range in a graduated scale from 35 percent on revenue
up to $10 million, to 50 percent on revenue of more
than $70 million.
In 2021, Oklahoma racinos paid approximately $66.0
million in total gaming taxes, an increase of 47.6
percent relative to the previous year.
Commercial gaming tax revenue is shared between the
state government and Oklahoma’s horse racing industry.
Approximately $29.8 million was remitted to the state in
2021 and funded state education initiatives, as well as
general budgetary items.
In addition, racinos distributed roughly $35.5 million to
help subsidize horse racing purses, breeding programs,
and other horse racing industry expenses.
Competitive Landscape
Oklahoma’s two racinos are overshadowed by the state’s
136 tribal casinos and gaming venues, which are
authorized to offer table games, in addition to electronic
gaming devices. During the state’s 2021 fiscal year ending
June 30, Oklahoma tribal casinos generated an estimated
$2.74 billion in casino gaming revenue, exclusive of
revenue from popular electronic bingo devices.
While Oklahoma borders no less than five states
that offer commercial casino gaming, the primary
competitive threat to the state’s gaming market comes
from potential legalization in Texas. Lawmakers in Texas
took no action on casino legislation in 2021 and are not
scheduled to reconvene until 2023.
OKLAHOMA
Policy & Regulatory Review
Tribal Gaming
In January, Gov. Kevin Stitt (R) lost the third in a series
of high-profile court cases related to his administration’s
efforts to renegotiate the terms of tribal gaming
compacts with Oklahoma’s sovereign tribal nations.
The state Supreme Court said the governor lacked
authority to execute new compacts with the Kialegee
Tribal Town and United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
Indians that would have allowed the tribes to offer
sports betting and additional casino games, with the
state receiving a larger share of tribal gaming revenue.
Mirroring a 2020 decision to reject new compacts with
two other tribes, the Supreme Court said the compacts
were invalid because the new games had not been
legalized by the Oklahoma state legislature.
The ruling came barely one month after Gov. Stitt
announced he would not appeal a separate federal
court decision that Oklahoma’s original tribal gaming
compacts from 2004 were automatically renewed at the
start of 2020 for a second 15-year term.
101
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
OKLAHOMA: GAMING REVENUE BY VENUE TYPE
2009 to 2021
Oklahoma’s two commercial racinos are dwarfed by the
state’s far larger tribal casino sector, which reported
record casino gaming revenue of more than $2.74
billion in the 2021 fiscal year, an increase of 34.3
percent from the year before.
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
SOURCE: Oklahoma State Auditor & Inspector, Oklahoma Gaming Compliance Unit
Racetrack Casinos Tribal Casinos (FY)
REVENUE (US$M)
102
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
The Oregon Lottery reported total
sports betting revenue of $30.4
million in 2021, an increase of 51.4
percent on the previous year.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Oregon Lottery
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$30.4M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$18.8M
Market Overview
Oregon has no commercial casino venues
but offers sports betting through the Oregon
Lottery and at tribal casinos. A limited form
of sports betting was first launched by the
Oregon Lottery in 1989, granting the state a
partial exemption from the 1992 federal law
that prohibited expanded sports wagering.
Although sports betting was discontinued in
2007, the Oregon Lottery revived the offering
in 2019 and expanded it to include single-
event wagering on all professional sports.
There is no specific state law that regulates
sports wagering in Oregon; instead, it is
considered to fall under the broader definition
of lottery games the state lottery is authorized
to offer. Certain Oregon Indian tribes are
permitted to operate sports betting in their
tribal casinos because of language in their
tribal-state gaming compacts which permits
the tribe to offer any form of casino gaming
that has already been approved in Nevada.
Oregon
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Land-based Online
Delaware
D.C.
Oregon
Connecticut
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Iowa
Arizona
Tennessee
Colorado
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
OR
UNITED STATES: REGULATED SPORTSBOOK GGR BY STATE
2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total commercial sports betting revenue in
Oregon was $30.4 million on handle of $331.6 million.
The revenue total represented an increase of 51.4
percent from 2020, when sports betting revenue was
hampered by the cancellation of major sporting events
due to the pandemic.
Notably, due to state policy, the Oregon Lottery is
unable to offer wagers on any collegiate sports. Although
New Jersey and several other states prohibit wagers
on games involving in-state college teams, the Oregon
Lottery’s Scoreboard was the only online sports betting
platform unable to offer bets on any collegiate events.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Sports betting operated by the Oregon Lottery is not
subject to taxation per se; instead, the lottery returns
all net revenue after operating expenses, including
marketing and technology costs, to specific programs
as determined by the state legislature. As sports betting
is operated directly by the state, it is not subject to the
0.25 percent federal excise tax applied to commercial
operators’ wagering handle.
Programs funded by Oregon Lottery profits include
education and veterans’ services, state parks,
conservation projects, and economic-growth initiatives.
Competitive Landscape
The Oregon Lottery faces competition for sports bettors
from land-based sportsbook operations at several tribal
casinos within the state. As of September 2021, sports
betting is also available at tribal casinos in neighboring
Washington.
In 2021, the Oregon Lottery moved to strengthen the
competitiveness of its sports betting product through
negotiations for DraftKings to take over from the
lottery’s Scoreboard brand and deploy the DraftKings
mobile sportsbook in Oregon. In 2020, DraftKings
acquired the technology platform used by Scoreboard.
In addition to sports betting and the state’s 10 tribal
casinos, Oregon’s gaming market includes electronic
gaming devices operated by the Oregon Lottery at bars
and other retail locations. Betting on horse racing,
including via electronic gaming devices based on the
outcome of historical races, is also legal.
OREGON
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
Oregon lawmakers considered several bills related to
gaming and sports betting during their 2021 session.
In June, a House committee bill approved a bill to create
a 10-member task force to conduct a broad review of
Oregon’s gaming market, including the prohibition on
betting on college sports, and make recommendations
based on a comparison of Oregon’s regulatory structure
with those of other states. That bill failed to advance any
further before the legislature adjourned.
In January, Gov. Kate Brown (D) introduced a bill on
behalf of the Oregon Racing Commission that would
authorize the commission to issue licenses for online
sports betting to companies already licensed to offer
online wagers on horse races in Oregon. The bill was not
passed out of committee.
103
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
OREGON: ANNUAL VLT REVENUE
1999 to 2021
Beyond sports betting and 10 tribal casinos, Oregon’s
gaming market includes electronic gaming devices
operated by the Oregon Lottery that generated revenue
of $860.3 million in Fiscal Year 2021, up 7.9 percent
from the previous year.
SOURCE: Oregon Lottery
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
REVENUE (US$M)
104
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was a record
$4.83 billion, bolstered by strong
growth in Pennsylvania’s internet
gaming market.
Market Overview
Pennsylvania offers commercial casino gaming at 10 land-based
casinos and six racinos, which are authorized to operate electronic
gaming devices, table games, and sports betting. The properties are
regulated by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board (PGCB).
In 2004, the Pennsylvania legislature approved the Horse Development
and Gaming Act, which authorized electronic gaming devices at
racetracks, standalone casinos, and three smaller casino-resorts. Table
games, such as blackjack and roulette, were approved by the legislature
in 2010. In 2017, a wide-ranging gaming expansion bill authorized up to
ten additional “satellite” or mini-casinos, each limited to a maximum
of 750 electronic gaming devices and 40 table games.
In addition, the 2017 legislation authorized Pennsylvania commercial
casinos to apply for separate licenses to offer land-based and online
sports betting as well as internet gaming via affiliated online casino
platforms. At the end of 2021, a total of 18 internet casinos and 13
online sportsbooks were operational in Pennsylvania.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
16
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting;
Internet Gaming
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Pennsylvania Gaming
Control Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$4.83B
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$2.02B
Pennsylvania
SOURCE: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
3,227
(+0.4%)
3,251
(+0.8%)
3,412
(+4.9%)
2,696
(-21.0%)
4,831
(+79.2%)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
PA
PENNSYLVANIA: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $4.83 billion, up 79.2 percent against
2020 and 41.6 percent from 2019.
The record total reflected strong growth in internet
gaming and sports betting, as well as the January
2021 opening of a new casino-resort in Philadelphia’s
Stadium District and three satellite casino properties in
different parts of the state.
Total statewide commercial casino revenue from
electronic gaming devices was $2.29 billion, up 68.7
percent from 2020 but below the record total of $2.37
billion set in 2018. In contrast, all other segments of
Pennsylvania’s commercial casino gaming industry
reported record revenue in 2021.
Table game revenue was $924.9 million, up 83.4
percent versus 2020, while revenue from internet
gaming increased by 96.7 percent to $1.11 billion.
Sports betting revenue was $505.5 million, an
increase of 87.3 percent from $269.9 million in 2020.
Consistent with other states, online sports betting
accounted for the vast majority—approximately 89
percent—of total sports wagering revenue.
PENNSYLVANIA
105
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
PENNSYLVANIA: COMMERCIAL GAMING REVENUE
2007 to 2021
Pennsylvania’s booming internet gaming and online
sports betting markets helped the state to report record
overall casino gaming revenue in 2021, surpassing more
than $4 billion for the first time.
SOURCE: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Land-based Casinos
Internet GamingSports Betting
REVENUE (US$M)
Gaming Tax Distribution
Pennsylvania land-based commercial casinos and
racinos pay a 54 percent tax rate on electronic gaming
device revenue, a 16 percent tax rate on table game
revenue, and a 34 percent tax rate on revenue from
electronic versions of table games.
Internet gaming revenue is taxed at the same headline
rates of either 54 or 16 percent, depending on whether
the online casino game in question simulates an
electronic gaming device or a table game.
Sports betting revenue is subject to a 36 percent
effective tax rate, which includes a two percent tax for
local municipalities and is applied after deduction of
promotional free bets offered to players. Sportsbook
operations are also subject to a 0.25 percent federal
excise tax applied to wagering handle.
Reflecting one of the highest effective tax rates in
the country together with the rapid growth of internet
gaming, Pennsylvania’s gaming tax revenue exceeded
that of any other state by more than $800 million in
2021.
In 2021, the state’s commercial casinos and racinos
generated approximately $2.02 billion in gaming tax
revenue, up 69.8 percent against 2020.
The state’s share of gaming tax revenue in Pennsylvania
is primarily used to reduce school taxes paid by
Pennsylvania property owners, with additional
allocations for local law enforcement grants and
responsible gaming programs. In 2021, the state’s share
of direct gaming tax revenue amounted to approximately
$1.33 billion.
Approximately $207.7 million in gaming tax revenue
was distributed to Pennsylvania’s horse racing industry
in 2021, while remaining funding was allocated to an
economic development and tourism fund, to county
governments, and to the municipalities that host casinos
and racinos.
Competitive Landscape
Pennsylvania’s casinos operate at the intersection of the
fiercely competitive Northeast and Mid-Atlantic markets.
Individual Pennsylvania casinos compete against rival
properties in Delaware and northern Maryland to the
south; New York City and Atlantic City to the east; Ohio
to the west; and West Virginia to the southwest.
Following the opening of the state’s first three satellite
casinos in late 2020 and in 2021, two additional
properties remain under development. Pennsylvania
casinos also face a degree of competition from the
operation of lawful electronic gaming devices (VGTs)
at truck stops. As authorized under the state’s 2017
gaming expansion law, truck stops meeting a certain
set of criteria are eligible to install up to five VGTs on
their premises. At the close of 2021, electronic gaming
devices were operational at a total of 60 truck stops
across the state. Total statewide revenue from electronic
gaming devices at truck stops was $39.9 million, up
139.4 percent from the previous year.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Internet Gaming
In May, a Pennsylvania state court judge ruled in
favor of the Pennsylvania Lottery in a case brought
by commercial casino operators to restrain the types
of interactive games that can be offered through the
lottery’s online platform.
Pennsylvania’s 2017 gaming expansion law authorized
the state lottery to launch internet-based instant
games as part of an iLottery program. Although the law
expressly prohibited the lottery from offering any games
that simulate casino-style games such as slot machines,
poker, roulette, or blackjack, the judge ruled that it does
not prevent the lottery from offering interactive games
featuring game mechanics or certain features that are
also used in electronic gaming devices or by internet
casinos.
Illegal Gaming
Another key policy issue in 2021 was Pennsylvania’s
proliferating network of unregulated electronic gaming
devices in bars, convenience stores, and other non-
gaming locations.
The operator of at least one popular range of the devices
argues the games are not illegal because they are based
on player skill and therefore not prohibited by the state’s
gambling statutes.
A series of bills to either clearly prohibit the unregulated
electronic gaming devices, or subject them to state
licensing and oversight were introduced in the
Pennsylvania legislature, but none advanced during
2021. A further policy option discussed by lawmakers
was to expand Pennsylvania’s network of lawful VGTs
beyond truck stops to a much wider range of retail
locations.
PENNSYLVANIA
106
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
107
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $594.1
million, up 82.1 percent from 2020
but down more than 11 percent
from 2019 after a new casino
opened near Boston in neighboring
Massachusetts.
Market Overview
Rhode Island offers commercial casino gaming at two casinos, which
operate electronic gaming devices, table games, and sports betting
under the authority of the Rhode Island Lottery.
In 1992, the Rhode Island legislature passed a bill permitting
electronic gaming devices at the state’s two pari-mutuel wagering
venues. In 2012, state voters approved the addition of table games at
Twin River Casino in Lincoln. The passage of another ballot measure
in 2016 allowed the struggling Newport Grand Casino to relocate to
the town of Tiverton on the Massachusetts border. The measure also
authorized the relocated casino to offer table games.
In June 2018, the legislature passed a bill authorizing the state lottery
to operate sports betting at both commercial casinos. Subsequent
legislation authorized online sports betting the following year.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
2
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Rhode Island Lottery
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$594.1M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$300.2M
Rhode Island
SOURCE: Rhode Island Lottery
625
(+0.9%)
657
(+5.1%)
668
(+1.8%)
326
(-51.2%)
594
(+82.1%)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US$M)
RI
RHODE ISLAND: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $594.1 million, up 82.1 percent against
2020 but down 11.1 percent from the pre-pandemic
year of 2019.
The lower total relative to 2019 reflects, in large part,
a first full calendar year of operations at the Encore
Boston Harbor casino-resort in Massachusetts, which
opened in June of that year.
Total revenue from electronic gaming devices in 2021
was $443.8 million, an increase of 78.5 percent from the
previous year, while revenue from table games was $111.5
million, more than double 2020’s total of $53.5 million.
Sports betting revenue was $38.8 million, up 61.0
percent from 2020. Land-based sports betting revenue
was $18.5 million versus the $13.7 million recorded in
2020 when casinos were closed for extended periods
of time in the spring and late fall due to the pandemic.
Meanwhile, online sports betting revenue almost doubled
to $20.3 million after Rhode Island implemented
legislation in 2020 to permit bettors to remotely register
for accounts without having to visit a casino.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Rhode Island’s Bally’s Twin River Lincoln and Bally’s
Tiverton commercial casinos retain roughly 26 percent
to 28.85 percent of their revenue from electronic
gaming devices, depending on each facility’s operating
contract and state regulation. An additional annual
allowance is made for certain marketing expenses. The
state’s overall take of electronic gaming device revenue,
after administrative and technology expenses are
deducted, is about 60 percent.
By contrast, table game revenue is taxed at either 17 or
19 percent depending on each casino’s total net revenue
in relation to the previous fiscal year. If a property’s
revenue is up from the prior year, it pays an additional
two percent.
Sports betting is taxed at an effective rate of 51 percent
with the remaining amount split between the operating
partners of the state lottery (32 percent) and the casino
hosting the sportsbook operation (17 percent). In
addition, the host communities of Lincoln and Tiverton
each receive an annual payment of $100,000.
RHODE ISLAND
108
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
USA: TWO-YEAR COMMERCIAL CASINO GGR GROWTH BY STATE
2021 vs 2019
Reflecting the opening of a major new casino-resort near Boston in
neighboring Massachusetts, Rhode Island suffered the steepest decline
in annual commercial casino gaming revenue when compared to the pre-
pandemic year of 2019. While up on a year-over-year basis, total revenue in
2021 was down 14.6 percent versus two years prior.
SOURCE: State Gaming Commissions
2-YEAR CHANGE
-20%
-10%
+0%
+10%
+20%
+30%
+40%
+50%
Rhode Island
Michigan
Illinois
New Mexico
West Virginia
New Jersey
Louisiana
Kansas
Pennsylvania
New York
Maine
Oklahoma
Delaware
Nevada - LV Strip
Maryland
Indiana
Missouri
Florida
Nevada - Other
Colorado
Ohio
Iowa
Mississippi
Arkansas
South Dakota
Massachusetts
In 2021, commercial casino gaming generated $300.2
million in total tax revenue for Rhode Island’s General
Fund, up 83.4 percent versus 2020.
Gaming revenue in the General Fund is appropriated
annually at the direction of the legislature and is used
to pay for various state services, including education,
public safety programs, and healthcare.
A small fraction of gaming tax revenue is also remitted
annually to the towns of Lincoln and Tiverton, as well as
to the Narragansett Indian Tribe.
Competitive Landscape
Rhode Island’s commercial casinos compete directly with
Plainridge Park Casino in Massachusetts, which is just
20 miles from Providence, as well as the Foxwoods and
Mohegan Sun tribal casinos in southeastern Connecticut.
Since mid-2019, New England casinos have faced a
substantial increase in competition for players from the
Greater Boston area in the form of the Encore Boston
Harbor casino-resort, located in Everett, Massachusetts.
A fourth Massachusetts casino is also authorized under
a 2011 gaming law for the state’s southeastern region
that borders Rhode Island. However, a planned tribal
casino-resort has been stalled by legal challenges and
Massachusetts regulators have to date declined to
license an alternative commercial casino in the region.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Legislation
In June, Gov. Dan McKee (D) signed legislation to extend
a master operating contract for International Game
Technology (IGT) and Bally’s Corporation to continue to
manage the state’s casino gaming and lottery operations
on behalf of the Rhode Island Lottery through 2043.
The owner of Rhode Island’s two land-based
commercial casino properties had previously objected
to the proposed contract extension for IGT until a
compromise was reached between representatives of
the two companies, state lawmakers, and officials in
Gov. McKee’s administration regarding the terms of an
extended agreement.
Among other things, IGT agreed to retain more than
1,100 employees in Rhode Island and upgrade a
minimum number of the electronic gaming devices in
the two Bally’s casinos in each year of the contract.
Bally’s, in turn, committed to investing at least $100
million to expand the Lincoln casino-resort and make
increased annual commitments to fund problem
gambling programs in Rhode Island.
RHODE ISLAND
109
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
110
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, total statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was a record
$146.1 million, up 38.7 percent
on the previous year. The total
includes South Dakota’s first revenue
contributions from legal sports
betting.
Market Overview
South Dakota offers commercial casino gaming at 24 locations
exclusively within the city limits of historic Deadwood, located on
the edge of the Black Hills National Forest near the Wyoming and
Montana borders.
The casinos, which can operate electronic gaming devices, table
games, and sports betting, are regulated by the South Dakota
Commission on Gaming.
Commercial casino gaming was first approved by South Dakota
voters in a 1988 statewide referendum. Sports betting received
voter approval in 2020 and began in 2021 after the state legislature
passed a new law to implement the referendum.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
24
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
South Dakota
Commission on Gaming
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$146.1M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$17.6M
South Dakota
SOURCE: South Dakota Commission on Gaming
105
(+0.8%)
106
(+0.8%)
110
(+3.7%)
105
(-4.5%)
146
(+38.7%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US
$
M)
SD
SOUTH DAKOTA: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $146.1 million, up 38.7 percent from
2020 and 32.5 percent against 2019. The 2021 total
eclipsed South Dakota’s previous record annual haul of
$110.3 million reported the year before the pandemic,
reflecting pent-up demand for gaming entertainment
and domestic travel among consumers.
Total revenue from electronic gaming devices in 2021
was $129.0 million, up 37.3 percent versus 2020.
Table game revenue increased by 48.9 percent to $16.8
million.
The 2021 total also included for the first-time revenue
from legal sports betting at Deadwood casinos. After
launching in early September, sports betting generated
revenue of approximately $254,600 through the end of
the year.
Gaming Tax Distribution
South Dakota applies a 9 percent tax on all commercial
casino gaming revenue. In addition, a gaming device tax
is applied to both table games and electronic gaming
devices, in the amount of $2,000 per unit per year.
In 2021, commercial casinos in Deadwood generated
total gaming tax revenue of approximately $17.6 million,
up 24.2 percent against the previous year.
Of the 9 percent of gaming revenue collected, 1 percent
is distributed to South Dakota’s General Fund, with the
remaining 8 percent divided between the state’s Gaming
Commission Fund, the South Dakota Department of
Tourism, and Lawrence County where Deadwood is
located.
SOUTH DAKOTA
111
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
USA: TWO-YEAR COMMERCIAL CASINO GGR GROWTH BY STATE
2021 vs 2019
Reflecting overall strength in consumer spending and pent-up demand for
gaming, South Dakota’s commercial casino properties in Deadwood reported
a more than 30 percent increase in casino gaming revenue in 2021 when
compared to the pre-pandemic year of 2019.
SOURCE: State Gaming Commissions
2-YEAR CHANGE
-20%
-10%
+0%
+10%
+20%
+30%
+40%
+50%
Rhode Island
Michigan
Illinois
New Mexico
West Virginia
New Jersey
Louisiana
Kansas
Pennsylvania
New York
Maine
Oklahoma
Delaware
Nevada - LV Strip
Maryland
Indiana
Missouri
Florida
Nevada - Other
Colorado
Ohio
Iowa
Mississippi
Arkansas
South Dakota
Massachusetts
The Commission Fund provides up to $6.8 million
annually to the City of Deadwood, and up to $100,000
to the State Historical Preservation Grant and Loan
Fund, with all remaining funds going to the state
General Fund, Lawrence County municipalities and
schools, and Deadwood historic preservation. In
addition, the Commission Fund is authorized to provide
up to $30,000 annually for state gambling addiction
programs.
Competitive Landscape
With two dozen casinos in Deadwood and no major
population center within hundreds of miles, South
Dakota relies heavily on tourists to patronize the historic
town’s commercial casinos. The South Dakota gaming
market also includes 11 tribal casinos spread across
the state, as well as a network of over 9,000 electronic
gaming devices operated by the South Dakota Lottery
at more than 1,200 retail locations, such as bars and
taverns.
Out-of-state competition is set to increase somewhat in
2022 with the launch of commercial casino gaming at
Nebraska racetracks, although none are situated close
to Deadwood on South Dakota’s western border.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In March, Gov. Kristi Noem (R) signed a bill to
implement the November 2020 statewide referendum
that authorized sports betting in South Dakota.
The earlier ballot question, approved by 58.5 percent
of South Dakota voters, specified that sports wagering
should be confined to the city limits of Deadwood,
where all commercial casinos are located. Through the
new legislation, state lawmakers restricted legal sports
betting to players placing wagers within Deadwood
casinos and rejected the argument that the constitution
would permit statewide online sports betting on the
grounds that servers could be located in the city.
Lawmakers also included a provision to ban wagering
on South Dakota college teams, mirroring restrictions in
place in several other states, including New Jersey, New
York, and Virginia.
In July, the South Dakota Commission on Gaming
adopted regulations to govern sports betting operations
and the state’s first sportsbooks opened in early
September, just prior to the start of the NFL football
season.
Payments Modernization
In July, the South Dakota Commission adopted
regulations to facilitate the adoption of cashless gaming
in Deadwood casinos.
Cashless gaming was already allowed by statute but
required additional rulemaking for players to be able
to establish and fund wagering accounts and then
use them to play electronic gaming devices and table
games.
South Dakota joined Nevada, Pennsylvania, Indiana,
and a handful of other states in permitting cashless
gaming within commercial casinos.
SOUTH DAKOTA
112
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
113
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Tennessee reported total online
sports betting revenue of $239.8
million in 2021, the market’s first full
year of operations.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Tennessee Sports
Wagering Advisory
Council
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$239.8M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$39.3M
Market Overview
Tennessee has no commercial casino
venues but offers sports betting through
online sportsbook operators regulated by
the Tennessee Sports Wagering Advisory
Council.
A state law passed in 2019 authorizes
commercial gaming operators to apply
for an unlimited number of licenses to
operate online sports betting. Tennessee’s
law was notable for being the first in the
U.S. to limit sports wagering exclusively to
online platforms, with no retail sportsbook
operations permitted.
Legal sports betting began in November
2020 when the first four licensed operators
commenced operations. At the end of
2021, eight online sports betting platforms
were available in Tennessee.
Tennessee
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Land-based Online
Delaware
D.C.
Oregon
Connecticut
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Iowa
Arizona
Tennessee
Colorado
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
TN
UNITED STATES: COMMERCIAL SPORTSBOOK GGR BY STATE
2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total sports betting revenue in Tennessee was
$239.8 million versus the $27.1 million accrued in
November and December 2020. Online sports betting
handle was $2.73 billion, versus $312.3 million.
The total made Tennessee the eighth largest sports
betting market in the country in its first full year of
operations.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from online sports betting in Tennessee is
taxed at a rate of 20 percent. Sportsbook operations
are also subject to a 0.25 percent federal excise tax
applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, sports betting generated total state tax
revenue of approximately $39.3 million, according to
the Tennessee Education Lottery.
Of that amount, approximately $31.4 million was
distributed to the Tennessee Lottery’s education fund
used to support education programs across the state.
Some $5.9 million was allocated to local governments
for infrastructure projects, with the remainder set aside
for problem gambling services.
Competitive Landscape
Tennessee was the first state in the South to legalize
online sports betting and faces limited cross-border
competition to its sports wagering market. Legal
sports betting is available, however, at one Arkansas
commercial casino and at several Mississippi casinos
in the Tunica/Lula market that attract patrons from the
Greater Memphis area. At the end of 2021, regulators
in Arkansas voted to approve new rules to allow mobile
sports betting. Online sports betting is also offered
in Virginia, where one land-based casino is under
development in the city of Bristol on the Tennessee
border.
The Tennessee market itself is set to become more
competitive as additional licenses are awarded for
operators beyond the eight that were approved at the
end of 2021.
TENNESSEE
114
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In May, Gov. Bill Lee (R) signed legislation transferring
primary regulatory authority over sports betting from
the Tennessee Education Lottery Corporation to an
independent Sports Wagering Advisory Council.
Tennessee’s original legislation required the formation
of a nine-member advisory council, appointed by the
governor and House and Senate leaders, to provide
policy guidance to the state lottery regarding its
rulemaking, licensing, and compliance responsibilities
for online sports betting.
In effect, the new law switched those roles, making
the Sports Wagering Advisory Council the full-time
regulator for sports betting effective January 1, 2022,
with assistance from lottery officials as required.
Licenses already awarded by the lottery will remain
valid despite the change of regulatory authority;
however, the new legislation did require the council
to revisit Tennessee’s sports betting regulations and
promulgate new rules.
In December, the Sports Wagering Advisory Council
adopted new regulations following several public
rulemaking meetings.
Notably, the council did not remove Tennessee’s
controversial regulatory requirement for online sports
betting operators to pay out no more than 90 percent
of the total amount wagered on their platforms over
the course of a year, ensuring a minimum hold of at
least 10 percent compared with an industry average
of roughly 7 to 8 percent in similar U.S. markets.
The rules instead included a new provision allowing
operators to “cure” a violation of the hold provision by
making additional tax payments to the state, in lieu of
paying a fine.
115
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Virginia reported total sports betting
revenue of $285.9 million in 2021,
following the launch of legal online
wagering in late January. The total
made the state the seventh largest
sports betting market in the country.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Virginia Lottery Board
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$285.9M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$20.3M
Market Overview
Virginia has no commercial casino venues
but offers online sports betting through
commercial sportsbook operators regulated
by the Virginia Lottery Board.
The state legalized sports betting in April
2020 alongside a series of gaming reforms
that also included authorization of up to five
land-based commercial casino-resorts in
five specific Virginia cities.
The sports betting law enables the state
lottery to issue a limited number of licenses
for online-only sports betting to qualified
operators. Legal sports betting began in
January 2021 and a total of ten online
sportsbooks were available in Virginia by the
end of the year.
Virginia
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Land-based Online
Delaware
D.C.
Oregon
Connecticut
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Iowa
Arizona
Tennessee
Colorado
Virginia
Indiana
Michigan
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
VA
UNITED STATES: COMMERCIAL SPORTSBOOK GGR BY STATE
2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total sports betting revenue in Virginia was
$285.9 million on handle of $3.22 billion.
Of the seven states that launched commercial sports
betting in 2021, Virginia generated the highest revenue.
The state also ranked as the seventh largest sports
betting market overall, after New Jersey, Illinois,
Pennsylvania, Nevada, Michigan, and Indiana.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from online sports betting in Virginia is taxed
at a rate of 15 percent, applied after deductions of free
bets and other bonuses and promotions. Sportsbook
operations are further subject to a 0.25 percent federal
excise tax applied to wagering handle. Federal excise
payments are also deductible from revenue subject to
the state’s sports betting tax.
In 2021, sports betting generated total state tax revenue
of approximately $20.3 million. Of that amount,
approximately $19.8 million was distributed to the
state’s General Fund and used for general budgetary
purposes. The remainder was allocated for services
specializing in problem gambling treatment and support.
Competitive Landscape
In addition to sports betting, Virginia’s broader gaming
market includes a racetrack and affiliated off-track
betting facilities that are eligible to offer electronic
gaming devices based on the outcome of historical horse
races. At the end of 2021, four land-based casino-
resorts had also received state and local approval and
were under development in the cities of Bristol, Danville,
Norfolk, and Portsmouth. The Virginia Lottery also offers
a range of online lottery games.
Virginia operators compete for sports bettors in the
populous Greater Washington D.C. market with retail
sportsbooks and mobile platforms available at major
Washington sports arenas, with a D.C. Lottery platform,
and with sportsbooks that were opened at Maryland
land-based casinos in late 2021. Increased competition
is on the horizon in the form of online sports betting and
additional retail locations in Maryland, which were also
authorized by a May 2021 state law.
VIRGINIA
116
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Policy & Regulatory Review
Expansion
Virginia continued to move forward in 2021 with the
implementation of commercial casino gaming at land-
based casino-resorts.
In July, the Virginia Lottery Board adopted regulations
to govern the licensing and operation of casino gaming.
A 2020 law authorizes up to five casinos in designated
Virginia cities, provided casino developers receive local
voter approval for their plans. The law also authorizes
casino gaming to commence at temporary facilities
while resorts are under development according to an
approved timetable.
Virginia casino developers suffered a setback in
November, however, when local voters in the state
capital of Richmond narrowly rejected a referendum to
host a casino in the city’s Southside area. A consortium
proposing the project had been selected in May as the
city’s development partner by an evaluation committee
on behalf of the Richmond government.
Sports Betting
In March, Gov. Ralph Northam (D) signed a bill to
amend Virginia’s 2020 sports betting statute to clarify
the number of online sports betting permits available
under the law.
The new legislation specified that sports betting
licenses awarded to the chosen developers of Virginia’s
five land-based casinos would not count toward a cap
of 12 online sports betting licensees in total. In effect,
the new law means up that to 19 licenses are available,
including additional licenses set aside for major league
professional sports teams with operations in Virginia.
Elsewhere, the bill directed the Virginia Lottery to give
preferential treatment to sports betting applicants
with equity held by minorities, or with clear plans to
either encourage investment by or purchase services
from minority groups. The bill also made a technical
correction to clarify that Virginia sportsbooks are able to
offer bets on Olympic sporting events.
In February, Gov. Northam signed a separate bill to
enable Virginia’s forthcoming casino-resorts to offer
in-person sports wagering via tellers or kiosks in their
facilities.
Illegal Gaming
In July, a statewide ban on the operation of unregulated
electronic gaming devices purporting to offer games
of skill became effective. The ban on skill games
devices was approved by the legislature during the
2020 session, although Gov. Northam insisted upon a
12-month delay with operators instead required to pay
monthly fees to generate revenue for a pandemic relief
fund.
In April, Gov. Northam signed a second bill
strengthening the prohibition by imposing a civil penalty
of $25,000 on any individuals involved in the operation
of illegal gambling devices.
Enforcement of the ban on skill games devices was
enjoined by a county court in November, however,
after one convenience store operator filed a lawsuit
on grounds that the prohibition was a violation of his
constitutional rights.
VIRGINIA
117
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
118
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
In 2021, statewide commercial
casino gaming revenue was $668.0
million, up 53.4 percent, reflecting
the full reopening of land-based
casinos and a first full year of internet
gaming operations.
Market Overview
West Virginia offers commercial casino gaming at four racinos and one
land-based casino. Each of the five venues operates electronic gaming
devices, table games, and sports betting under the authority of the
West Virginia Lottery Commission.
The state authorized commercial casino gaming in 1994 when the
West Virginia legislature endorsed the operation of electronic gaming
devices at licensed racetracks, subject to local approval. Legislation
allowing racinos to add table games was approved in 2007. In 2008,
voters approved casino gaming at The Greenbrier historic hotel and
legislators authorized table games at the property the following year.
Anticipating a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court to strike down
a federal ban, the state legislature passed a bill in March 2018
legalizing land-based and online sports betting. In 2019, further
legislation was passed to authorize internet gaming through online
casino platforms partnering with the state’s casinos. At the close of
2021, a total of seven online sportsbooks and five internet casinos
were operational.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
5
CASINO FORMAT
Land-Based Casinos;
Racinos
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting;
Internet Gaming
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
West Virginia Lottery
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$668.0M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$272.3M
West Virginia
SOURCE: West Virginia Lottery
623
(-4.7%)
624
(+0.1%)
630
(+1.0%)
436
(-30.9%)
668
(+53.4%)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
REVENUE (US
$
M)
WV
WEST VIRGINIA: COMMERCIAL CASINO
GAMING REVENUE
2017 to 2021
Market Performance
In 2021, total statewide commercial casino gaming
revenue was $668.0 million, up 53.4 percent versus
2020 and 6.0 percent versus 2019.
Total revenue from electronic gaming devices in 2021
was $458.7 million, up 37.6 percent from the previous
year, while total table game revenue was $102.7 million,
up 56.1 percent.
The state’s nascent sports betting and internet gaming
markets also reported strong growth.
West Virginia casinos and affiliated online sportsbook
platforms collected $45.7 million in total sports
betting revenue in 2021, an increase of 70.7 percent.
Meanwhile, internet gaming revenue was $60.9 million,
versus $9.6 million from less than six months of
operations in 2020.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from electronic gaming devices at West
Virginia’s five casino properties is subject to an effective
tax rate of 53.5 percent, while table games are taxed at
35 percent.
The tax rate for internet gaming is 15 percent, with sports
betting subject to a state tax of 10 percent of revenue.
Sportsbook operations are also subject to a 0.25 percent
federal excise tax applied to wagering handle.
In 2021, West Virginia’s commercial casinos and
affiliated online sports betting and internet gaming
platforms generated total gaming tax revenue of
approximately $272.3 million, an increase of 43.4
percent from 2020.
The majority of gaming tax revenue is remitted to the state
government, including to funds associated with the West
Virginia Lottery. Lottery funds are allocated to the state’s
public schools, tourism promotion, state parks, and services
for senior citizens. County and municipal governments also
receive a small percentage of gaming tax proceeds, as
do West Virginia’s horse and greyhound racing industries.
Taxes collected from sports betting are placed in the
West Virginia Lottery Sports Wagering Fund, which
distributes the first $15 million to the State Lottery Fund
before remaining funds are allocated to help support
health-insurance programs for public sector employees.
Internet gaming taxes are similarly deposited into the
West Virginia Lottery Interactive Wagering Fund. The fund
distributes annual tax profits to the State Lottery Fund,
following deductions for regulatory costs and contributions
to the pensions of West Virginia racing employees.
Competitive Landscape
West Virginia’s commercial casinos compete directly
with casino properties in several neighboring states.
Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races competes
with three Maryland casinos for patrons from the
Greater Washington D.C.-Baltimore area, while Wheeling
Island Hotel Casino Racetrack and Mountaineer Casino
Racetrack & Resort both face competition from casinos
and racinos in Pittsburgh and eastern Ohio. Land-
based casinos have also been authorized in neighboring
Virginia, although none for locations near the West
Virginia border.
Within the state, West Virginia casinos also compete
with a network of some 8,000 limited-stakes electronic
gaming devices (VLTs) situated at retail establishments,
such as bars and taverns.
WEST VIRGINIA
119
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
SOURCE: West Virginia Lottery
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Land-based Casinos
Internet Gaming Sports Betting
REVENUE (US$M)
WEST VIRGINIA: COMMERCIAL GAMING REVENUE
2011 to 2021
While West Virginia reported more than $100 million
in combined revenue from sports betting and internet
gaming in 2021, the two segments legalized since 2018
accounted for less than 16 percent of total statewide
commercial gaming revenue during the year.
Policy & Regulatory Review
Regulatory Reform
West Virginia lawmakers approved several bills to reform
the state’s gaming regulatory framework during 2021.
In March, Gov. Jim Justice (R) signed a bill to remove
a prohibition on ATMs on the gaming floors of West
Virginia casinos. Lawmakers also renewed a racetrack
modernization fund granting racino operators a limited
tax break in return for capital investments made at their
properties.
In April, Gov. Justice signed two further bills to increase
the maximum number of VLTs allowed in West Virginia
bars and other approved retail locations from seven to
10, while also permitting VLT retailers to advertise and
promote the devices offered in their facilities.
Sports Betting
During their 2021 session, lawmakers considered, but
did not advance, legislation to allow West Virginia small
businesses to participate alongside casinos and racinos
in the state’s online sports betting market.
Separately, a House bill which would have authorized
betting on esports events in West Virginia, was approved
by a committee in March but did not receive a vote on
the House floor before lawmakers adjourned.
WEST VIRGINIA
120
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
121
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Wyoming reported total online sports
betting revenue of $4.0 million
in 2021, reflecting four months
of operations by the state’s two
licensees: BetMGM and DraftKings.
NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL
CASINOS
0
CASINO FORMAT
N/A
NOTABLE FORMS OF GAMING
Sports Betting
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
Wyoming Pari-Mutuel
Commission
GROSS GAMING REVENUE 2021
$4.0M
GAMING TAX REVENUE 2021
$112K
Market Overview
Wyoming has no commercial casino venues
but offers sports betting through two
commercial sportsbook operators regulated
by the Wyoming Pari-Mutuel Commission.
Sports betting is also available at tribal
casinos.
An April 2021 law authorized the pari-
mutuel commission to issue permits for
online sports betting to operators that are
already licensed in at least three other
states. Online sports betting began in
September.
Wyoming
WY
UNITED STATES: COMMERCIAL SPORTSBOOK GGR BY STATE
2021Q4
SOURCE: State Gaming Regulatory Agencies
Arkansas
Wyoming
Maryland
New York
D.C.
Oregon
Louisiana
Rhode Island
Delaware
New Hampshire
West Virginia
Mississippi
Connecticut
Iowa
Tennessee
Colorado
Indiana
Virginia
Michigan
Arizona
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Illinois
New Jersey
REVENUE (US$M)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Market Performance
In 2021, total online sports betting revenue in Wyoming
was $4.0 million on handle of $40.3 million.
The modest revenue total compared to fellow sports
betting newcomers such as Arizona and Virginia reflects
Wyoming’s much smaller population size of less than
600,000.
Gaming Tax Distribution
Revenue from online sports betting in Wyoming is taxed
at a rate of 10 percent, applied after deductions of free
bets and other bonuses and promotions. Sportsbook
operations are further subject to a 0.25 percent federal
excise tax applied to wagering handle. Federal excise
payments are also deductible from revenue subject to
the state’s sports betting tax.
In 2021, online sports betting generated total state tax
revenue of just under $112,000.
Under state law, the first $300,000 in sports wagering
tax revenue in each fiscal year is appropriated to the
Wyoming Department of Health and then redistributed
to county health programs for the prevention and
treatment of problem gambling. Remaining tax revenue
is deposited into the state’s General Fund.
Competitive Landscape
Although sports betting is also legal in several states
that border Wyoming, online sports betting is currently
only available to the south in Colorado.
Wyoming’s online sports betting platforms face in-state
competition from sportsbooks that can be offered by the
state’s three tribal casinos. In September, the Northern
Arapaho tribe opened Wyoming’s first retail sportsbook
at its Wind River Hotel & Casino.
In addition to sports betting and tribal gaming,
Wyoming’s broader gaming market includes pari-mutuel
wagering on horse races and electronic gaming devices
in bars and other establishments based on player skill.
WYOMING
122
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
Policy & Regulatory Review
Sports Betting
In April, Gov. Mark Gordon (R) signed legislation
authorizing online sports betting operators licensed in at
least three other states to obtain permits to launch their
platforms in Wyoming.
The Wyoming Pari-Mutuel Commission implemented
regulations for sports wagering in August and issued
the state’s first two permits to BetMGM and DraftKings,
which both launched in Wyoming on September 1.
The legislation was passed after Wyoming lawmakers
in 2020 approved a bill requiring an official study of
sports betting. Notably, the law made Wyoming the
first state to expressly authorize cryptocurrencies as a
permitted funding method for sports betting accounts.
During the legislative process, the Wyoming bill was
amended to remove provisions enabling the state’s two
federally recognized sovereign tribal nations to also obtain
permits for online sports betting. The tribes were still able
to launch sports betting in their casinos, however, based
on language in their existing tribal-state gaming compacts.
Illegal Gaming
Also in April, Gov. Gordon signed a separate bill to
establish a permanent regulatory regime governing skill-
based electronic gaming devices in licensed bars and
other establishments.
The legality of the devices was recognized under a
2020 law, but only on a temporary basis with the
regime due to expire on June 30, 2021. The new
legislation removed that expiry date and established
new requirements regarding the licensing, testing, and
certification of the skill-based devices by the Wyoming
Pari-Mutuel Commission.
Among other restrictions, skill-based devices are subject
to a maximum wager limit of $3 and cannot pay out prizes
greater than $3,000. Establishments cannot offer more
than four skill-based devices for play at any one time.
Alongside Wyoming, the District of Columbia has also
established a regulatory regime for devices that purport
to avoid state gambling prohibitions because their
outcomes depend, to varying degrees, on player skill.
In contrast, Virginia enacted new laws in 2020 and
2021 to prohibit skill-game devices, and Missouri and
Pennsylvania have considered similar legislation.
State Regulatory & Industry Contacts
For further information about the gaming industry or regulatory requirements in specific states please contact the
state regulators or state gaming association listed below.
STATE STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITY STATE GAMING ASSOCIATION
ARIZONA
Arizona Department of Gaming
gaming.az.gov
ARKANSAS
Arkansas Racing Commission
dfa.arkansas.gov/racing-commission
COLORADO
Colorado Division of Gaming
colorado.gov/pacific/enforcement/gaming
Colorado Limited Gaming Control Commission
colorado.gov/pacific/enforcement/limited-gaming-control-commission
Colorado Gaming Association
coloradogaming.com
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection, Gaming Division
portal.ct.gov/gaming
DELAWARE
Delaware Lottery
delottery.com
Delaware Division of Gaming Enforcement
dge.delaware.gov
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DC Office of Lottery and Gaming
dclottery.com
FLORIDA
Florida Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering
myfloridalicense.com/DBPR/pari-mutuel-wagering
ILLINOIS
Illinois Gaming Board
igb.illinois.gov
Illinois Casino Gaming Association
illinoiscasinogaming.org
INDIANA
Indiana Gaming Commission
in.gov/igc
Casino Association of Indiana
casinoassociation.org
IOWA
Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission
irgc.iowa.gov
Iowa Gaming Association
iowagaming.org
KANSAS
Kansas Racing and Gaming Commission
krgc.ks.gov
Kansas Lottery
kslottery.com
LOUISIANA
Louisiana Gaming Control Board
lgcb.dps.louisiana.gov
Louisiana State Police, Gaming Enforcement Division
lsp.org/gaming
Louisiana Casino Association
casinosofla.com
MAINE
Maine Gambling Control Unit
maine.gov/dps/gamb-control
MARYLAND
Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control Commission; Maryland Lottery and
Gaming Control Agency
mdgaming.com
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts Gaming Commission
massgaming.com
MICHIGAN
Michigan Gaming Control Board
michigan.gov/mgcb
Michigan Gaming
michigangaming.com
123
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
State Regulatory & Industry Contacts (continued)
STATE STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITY STATE GAMING ASSOCIATION
MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi Gaming Commission
msgamingcommission.com
Mississippi Gaming and Hospitality Association
msgaming.org
MISSOURI
Missouri Gaming Commission
mgc.dps.mo.gov
Missouri Gaming Association
missouricasinos.org
MONTANA
Montana Lottery
montanalottery.com
NEBRASKA
Nebraska Racing and Gaming Commission
racingcommission.nebraska.gov
NEVADA
Nevada Gaming Commission; Nevada Gaming Control Board
gaming.nv.gov
Nevada Resorts Association
nevadaresorts.org
NEW HAMPSHIRE
New Hampshire Lottery
nhlottery.com
NEW JERSEY
New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement
njoag.gov/about/divisions-and-offices/division-of-gaming-enforcement-home
New Jersey Casino Control Commission
nj.gov/casinos
Casino Association of New Jersey
casinosnj.org
NEW MEXICO
New Mexico Gaming Control Board
nmgcb.org
NEW YORK
New York State Gaming Commission
gaming.ny.gov
New York Gaming Association
newyorkgaming.org
OHIO
Ohio Casino Control Commission
casinocontrol.ohio.gov
Ohio Lottery
ohiolottery.com
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma Horse Racing Commission
ohrc.ok.gov
OREGON
Oregon Lottery
oregonlottery.org
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov
RHODE ISLAND
Rhode Island Lottery
rilot.com
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota Commission on Gaming
dor.sd.gov/businesses/gaming
Deadwood Gaming Association
deadwood.com/deadwood-gaming-association
TENNESSEE
Tennessee Sports Wagering Advisory Committee
tn.gov/swac.html
VIRGINIA
Virginia Lottery
valottery.com
WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Lottery Commission
wvlottery.com
WYOMING
Wyoming Gaming Commission
gaming.wyo.gov
124
STATE OF THE STATES 2022
© 2022 American Gaming Association. All rights reserved.
