Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain for E-Drive Vehicles in the United States: 2010

iii 
CONTENTS 
 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... xiii 
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................... xiv 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... xv 
1  INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 
2  PEV BATTERY AND SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT ............................................................ 3 
3  BATTERY MANUFACTURING LOCATIONS AND DATA ASSUMPTIONS .................. 9 
4  HISTORICAL TRENDS: PEV BATTERY PACK AND CELL PRODUCTION ................ 10 
5  LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES IN HEVs ................................................................................. 13 
6  FUTURE EV BATTERY CAPACITY EXPANSIONS ........................................................ 15 
7  DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 18 
8  REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 20 
APPENDIX A: LI-ION BATTERY CELL AND PACK FLOW DIAGRAMS FOR PEVs ....... 23 
APPENDIX B: VEHICLE MAKE AND MODEL DATA .......................................................... 65 
 
 
FIGURES 
 
 
ES-1  Annual battery cell and battery pack capacity supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production country ....................................................................................................... xv 
ES-2  Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by 
production location, 2010–2020. ..................................................................................... xvi 
2-1  Annual PEV sales by battery cell manufacturer. “Others” includes Li-tec, GS 
Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123. ........................................................................... 4 
2-2  Annual PEV battery capacity (GWh) by battery cell manufacturer. “Others” 
includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123. ........................................... 4 
2-3  Annual PEV sales by battery pack manufacturer. “Others” includes 
Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123, 
Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. .................................................................................................... 5 
2-4  Annual PEV battery capacity (GWh) by battery pack manufacturer. “Others” 
includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue 
Energy, A123, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. ............................................................................ 5 
2-5  Annual PEV battery cell capacity (GWh) by production country ...................................... 6 
2-6  Annual PEV battery pack capacity (GWh) by production country .................................... 6 
   

iv 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
2-7  Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by 
manufacturer, 2010–2020. “Others” for battery cells includes Li-tec, GS 
Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123. “Others” for battery packs includes 
Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123, 
Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, 
Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Hyundai, Chrysler, 
MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep. ...................................... 7 
2-8  Number of Li-ion battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by battery manufacturer, 2010–2020. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, 
GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123. “Others” for battery pack 
includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue 
Energy, A123, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes 
Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Hyundai, 
Chrysler, MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep. ....................... 8 
4-1  Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by 
production location, 2010–2020. (From left to right: battery cell production 
location, battery pack production location, vehicle assembly location, and 
vehicles sold in the U.S.) .................................................................................................. 11 
4-2  Number of Li-ion battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location, 2010–2020. (From left to right: battery cell production 
location, battery pack production location, vehicle assembly location, and 
vehicles sold in the U.S.) .................................................................................................. 12 
5-1  Share of Li-ion batteries in HEVs sold in the U.S., 2008–2020. ...................................... 13 
6-1  Future global Li-ion battery demand and production capacity, 2020-2030. 
BMO: Bank of Montreal, BNEF: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, CES: 
Circular Energy Storage, LU: Leiden University, ANL: Argonne National 
Laboratory, WEF: World Economic Forum. Note: Roland Berger provided 
2019 estimates instead of 2020, hence the omitted data points for those 
sources in 2020. ................................................................................................................ 16 
7-1  Share of total annual Li-ion battery capacity by long- and short-range BEV 
(above/below 150 miles), long- and short- range of PHEVs (above/below 20 
miles), and HEVs in the U.S., 2010–2020. ....................................................................... 19 
A-1  2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec and GS 
Yuasa; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive and GS Yuasa. 
“Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart and Mitsubishi. ............................................ 23 
   

v 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-2  2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, 
and Toshiba; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
Primearth EV Energy, and Toshiba. “Others” for vehicle makes includes 
Smart and Mitsubishi. ....................................................................................................... 23 
A-3  2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, 
Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123; “Others” for battery pack includes 
Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and 
A123. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, and 
Cadillac. ............................................................................................................................ 24 
A-4  2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, 
Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123; “Others” for battery pack includes 
Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123 
and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, 
Cadillac, Mercedes, and Volkswagen. .............................................................................. 24 
A-5  2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, 
Toshiba, and Blue Energy; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, 
GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and Sanyo. “Others” 
for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, 
Volkswagen, and Volvo. ................................................................................................... 25 
A-6  2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS 
Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes 
Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Volvo. ........................... 25 
A-7  2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive and 
GS Yuasa. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, 
Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, and MINI. ....................................... 26 
A-8  2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS 
Yuasa, and Jaguar. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, 
Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, and Jaguar. .................. 26 
A-9  2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS 
Yuasa, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, 
Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, 
Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, and Lincoln......................................................................... 27 

vi 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-10  2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS 
Yuasa, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes 
Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, 
Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep................................................. 28 
A-11  2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec and GS Yuasa; 
“Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive and GS Yuasa. “Others” for 
vehicle makes includes Smart and Mitsubishi. ................................................................. 29 
A-12  2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, and 
Toshiba; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
Primearth EV Energy, and Toshiba. “Others” for vehicle makes includes 
Smart and Mitsubishi. ....................................................................................................... 29 
A-13  2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, 
Blue Energy, and A123; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS 
Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123. “Others” for 
vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, and Cadillac. ........................................ 30 
A-14  2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, 
Blue Energy, and A123; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS 
Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123 and Sanyo. 
“Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, 
Mercedes, and Volkswagen. ............................................................................................. 30 
A-15  2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, 
and Blue Energy; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle 
makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, and 
Volvo................................................................................................................................. 31 
A-16  2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
Primearth EV Energy, and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, 
Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Volvo........................................ 31 
A-17  2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive and GS 
Yuasa. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, 
Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, and MINI. ...................................................... 32 

vii 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-18  2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
and Jaguar. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, 
Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, and Jaguar. ........................... 33 
A-19  2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, 
Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, 
Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, and Lincoln......................................................................... 34 
A-20  2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, 
Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Mitsubishi, 
Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, Jaguar, 
Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep. ............................................................ 35 
A-21  2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 36 
A-22  2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 36 
A-23  2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 36 
A-24  2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 37 
A-25  2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 37 
A-26  2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Japan, 
Poland, and Hungary; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Japan, 
and Sweden. ...................................................................................................................... 37 
A-27  2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location.“Others” for battery pack includes Poland and 
China; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Sweden, Canada, 
China, Austria, and Netherlands. ...................................................................................... 38 
A-28  2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and 
China; “Others” for battery pack includes Poland and China; “Others” for 
vehicle assembly includes France, Sweden, China, and Netherlands............................... 38 
   

viii 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-29  2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and 
Hungary; “Others” for battery pack includes China and U.K.; “Others” for 
vehicle assembly includes France, Sweden, China, Netherlands, and United 
Kingdom. .......................................................................................................................... 39 
A-30  2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and 
Hungary; “Others” for battery pack includes Hungary, China, and United 
Kingdom; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden, China, 
Netherlands, Mexico, Slovakia, Canada, and United Kingdom. ...................................... 40 
A-31  2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 41 
A-32  2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 41 
A-33  2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 42 
A-34  2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 42 
A-35  2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 43 
A-36  2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Japan, Poland, and 
Hungary; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Japan, and Sweden. .............. 43 
A-37  2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China; 
“Others” for battery pack includes S. Korea, Poland and China; “Others” for 
vehicle assembly includes France, S. Korea, Sweden, Canada, China, Austria, 
and Netherlands. ............................................................................................................... 44 
A-38  2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and Hungary; 
“Others” for battery pack includes Poland, Hungary, S. Korea, and China; 
“Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, S. Korea, Sweden, China, and 
Netherlands. ...................................................................................................................... 44 
A-39  2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and Hungary; 
“Others” for battery pack includes Poland, China, Belgium, and United 
Kingdom; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Sweden, China, 
Netherlands, and United Kingdom. .................................................................................. 45 

ix 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-40  2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China; 
“Others” for battery pack includes Hungary, China, and United Kingdom; 
“Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden, China, Netherlands, Mexico, 
Slovakia, Canada, and United Kingdom. .......................................................................... 46 
A-41  2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 46 
A-42  2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 47 
A-43  2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 47 
A-44  2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 47 
A-45  2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 48 
A-46  2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 48 
A-47  2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 48 
A-48  2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Germany 
and Japan. .......................................................................................................................... 49 
A-49  2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Germany 
and Japan. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Mexico, and Japan. ............. 49 
A-50  2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and 
China. “Others” for battery pack includes Japan and China. “Others” for 
vehicle assembly includes Mexico, Japan, China, and United Kingdom. ........................ 50 
A-51  2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 51 
A-52  2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 51 
A-53  2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 51 
A-54  2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 52 

x 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-55  2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 52 
A-56  2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 52 
A-57  2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 53 
A-58  2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Poland and Japan. 
“Others” for vehicle assembly includes Japan and Austria. ............................................. 53 
A-59  2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Germany and 
Japan. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Mexico, and Japan. .................... 54 
A-60  2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. 
“Others” for battery pack includes Japan and China. “Others” for vehicle 
assembly includes Mexico, Japan, China, and United Kingdom. ..................................... 55 
A-61  2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 56 
A-62  2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 56 
A-63  2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 56 
A-64  2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 57 
A-65  2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 57 
A-66  2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. ......................................................................................... 57 
A-67  2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes China 
and Netherlands. ............................................................................................................... 58 
A-68  2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and 
China. “Others” for battery pack includes Poland and China. “Others” for 
vehicle assembly includes Sweden and China. ................................................................. 58 
   

xi 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-69  2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and 
China. “Others” for battery pack includes China, Belgium, and United 
Kingdom. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Netherlands, China, 
Belgium, and United Kingdom. ........................................................................................ 59 
A-70  2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV 
market by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and 
China. “Others” for battery pack includes Belgium, United Kingdom, and 
China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Netherlands, Belgium, United 
Kingdom, and China. ........................................................................................................ 59 
A-71  2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 60 
A-72  2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 60 
A-73  2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 61 
A-74  2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 61 
A-75  2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 61 
A-76  2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. ..................................................................................................... 62 
A-77  2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Poland, S. Korea, 
Hungary, and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden, S. 
Korea, China and Netherlands. ......................................................................................... 62 
A-78  2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. 
“Others” for battery pack includes Poland, Hungary, and China. “Others” for 
vehicle assembly includes Sweden, Netherlands, and China. .......................................... 63 
A-79  2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China. 
“Others” for battery pack includes China, Belgium, United Kingdom. 
“Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden, Netherlands, China, Belgium, 
and United Kingdom. ........................................................................................................ 64 
   

xii 
FIGURES (CONT.) 
 
 
A-80  2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market 
by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. 
“Others” for battery pack includes Hungary, Belgium, United Kingdom, and 
China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Netherlands, Belgium, United 
Kingdom, and China. ........................................................................................................ 64 
 
 
TABLES 
 
 
B-1  BEV Battery Cell, Battery Pack Manufacturers and Vehicle Assembly 
Locations by Make and Model ......................................................................................... 66 
B-2  PHEV Battery Cell, Battery Pack Manufacturers and Vehicle Assembly 
Locations by Make and Model ......................................................................................... 68 
B-3  Li-Ion HEV Battery Cell, Battery Pack Manufacturers and Vehicle Assembly 
Locations by Make and Model ......................................................................................... 71 
   

xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The efforts of all authors of Argonne National Laboratory (under Contract DE-AC02-

06CH11357) are supported by the Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO), Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy Office, U.S. Department of Energy. The authors would like to thank David

Howell and Jacob Ward of the VTO for the continued support of this project and useful and

constructive comments. The authors also thank Stacy Davis and Robert Boundy of Oak Ridge

National Laboratory for providing sales data and Linda Gaines, Elanna Neppel and Xinyi Wu of

Argonne National Laboratory for their assistance with data collection and analysis.

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BEV battery electric vehicle

EV electric vehicle

FHEV full hybrid vehicle

GM General Motors

GWh gigawatt-hour(s)

HEV hybrid electric vehicle

ITC U.S. International Trade Commission

kWh kilowatt-hour(s)

LFP lithium iron phosphate

Li-ion lithium-ion

LMO lithium manganese oxide

MHEV mild hybrid electric vehicle

MWh megawatt-hour(s)

NCA nickel cobalt aluminum oxide

NiMH nickel metal hydride

NMC nickel manganese cobalt oxide

OEM original equipment manufacturer

PEV plug-in electric vehicle

PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

TWh terawatt-hour(s)

VIN vehicle identification number

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Understanding the battery supply chain is particularly important for the strategic planning

and development of a battery recycling infrastructure to secure critical materials supply and

enable a circular economy. Argonne has been tracking plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) sales in the

United States (U.S.) by make and model since December 2010, when the Chevrolet Volt and

Nissan Leaf were first sold in the U.S. Building on detailed monthly sales data, this report

summarizes the manufacturing and production locations of lithium-ion (Li-ion, or LIB) battery

cells and packs by make and model for PEVs sold in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020. It also

summarizes the annual and cumulative Li-ion battery capacity installed in hybrid electric

vehicles (HEVs) sold in the U.S. Overall, there are about 20 different battery cell and pack

manufacturers, which are currently supplying about 20 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of batteries

annually for the U.S. PEV market. Panasonic and LG Chem are the largest cell suppliers to the

U.S. market. Beyond the U.S, South Korea and Japan are major countries supplying PEV

batteries to the U.S. market (Figure ES-1).

FIGURE ES-1 Annual battery cell and battery pack capacity supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production country

The batteries used in PEVs sold in the U.S. have been largely domestically sourced. In

terms of total battery capacity since 2010, over half of all cells have been produced in the U.S.,

as have nearly 90% of all battery packs. This trend toward domestic production has grown over

time, with 70% of battery cells and 87% of battery packs produced in the U.S. in 2020. Most of

this production is for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) rather than plug-in hybrid vehicles

(PHEVs), because of the larger capacity intrinsic to BEVs as well as the greater diversity of

manufacturers of PHEVs. However, the large share of domestic production is due to a single

player, Tesla/Panasonic.

xvi

This report uses Sankey diagrams to show evolving trends of the supply chain for the

production locations and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of battery cell, battery pack,

and vehicle assembly from 2010 to 2020. The Sankey diagram format makes it easy to track the

flow of production from one location or OEM to another over several steps of the supply chain.

Figure ES-2 (from left to right) shows total Li-ion battery capacity (in MWh) supplied to the

U.S. PEV market by production location between 2010 and 2020. During this time, a total of

approximately 75.9 GWh (75,900 MWh) of battery capacity was installed in PEVs sold in the

U.S. Of that total, 65.8 GWh was installed in PEVs that were assembled in the U.S. Of the total

battery capacity installed over this period for the U.S. market, 67.4 GWh of battery packs and

39.1 GWh of battery cells were assembled in the U.S. The flow color between each of the nodes

is based on the node from which the flow originates.

The share of Li-ion batteries in HEVs has grown since 2010, reaching around half the

market for full hybrids and the entire market for mild hybrids in the U.S. The total annual Li-ion

battery capacity of HEVs was about 400 MWh in 2020. Among all full hybrids with Li-ion

batteries, Panasonic has supplied more than half of the batteries, followed by LG Chem, Blue

Energy (GS Yuasa), and Vehicle Energy Japan (Hitachi).

FIGURE ES-2 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV

market by production location, 2010–2020.

Major Li-ion battery manufacturers have announced plans for, or are already in the

process of, constructing new battery cell factories to support rising PEV markets globally. Based

on announcements made by major battery supply-chain companies, total U.S. battery production

capacity could increase to about 80 GWh per year by 2023.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf were introduced to the U.S. market in December

2010. Since then, through the end of 2020, more than 1.71 million plug-in electric vehicles

(PEVs) have been sold in the U.S. [

]. PEVs include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in

hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Annual PEV sales increased from about 18,000 in 2011 to

over 330,000 in 2018 but decreased to 307,000 in 2020 as total sales of light-duty vehicles

declined. BEVs have accounted for over 60% of the cumulative PEV sales since 2010.

In 2020, 53 different PEV models were sold in the United States. The sales-weighted

electric range of both new and on-road PEVs has increased over the years, which has demanded

more battery capacity. The average all-electric range of on-road PHEVs varies between 20 and

35 miles, while the average range of on-road BEVs has grown from approximately 70 miles in

2010 to over 200 miles in 2020 [

]. The sales-weighted all-electric range for BEVs significantly

increased in early 2013 and then again in 2018 due to the introduction of Tesla Model S and

Model 3, both of which have a range of over 250 miles. Tesla models have a battery capacity

ranging from 54 kilowatt-hours (kWh) to 100 kWh, which are the highest among all PEV models

sold in the U.S. The number of PEV battery suppliers and their annual production capacity in

terms of units and megawatt-hours has significantly increased since 2010.

Li-ion batteries that power all PEVs sold in the U.S. have many different material

compositions. The most common cathode chemistries for automotive Li-ion batteries are lithium

nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium

manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium iron phosphate (LFP). NCA is used in the best-selling

BEVs in the United States (Tesla Models S, X, Y, and 3).

The cost of a Li-ion battery pack for PEVs has dropped by 85% since 2010 [

]. In the

same period, the PEV Li-ion battery market has seen consistently high growth rates [

]. With

most battery production capacity concentrated in a few companies, these battery suppliers are

serving multiple vehicle manufacturers (and global markets) and achieving higher production

more quickly.

Battery cell production and battery pack assembly may occur in different countries or be

performed by different companies. Worldwide, of the 13 top battery production companies,

which supplied 94% of PEV battery cells in 2017, seven have headquarters in China, three in

Japan, and three in South Korea [

]. Currently, Panasonic is the largest cell supplier for the

U.S. market, while Korean battery companies are supplying to the largest number of vehicle

models. Except for Samsung SDI, the major battery production companies for the U.S. market,

such as Panasonic, LG Chem, and SK Innovation, all have factories in the U.S. With new

collaborations established with BMW, Volvo, and Honda, automakers that sell PEVs in the U.S.,

China’s battery cell manufacturer CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology) is building its

first overseas plant in Germany and is considering a U.S. factory.

PEVs are not the only passenger vehicles that use Li-ion batteries, which are also found

in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) powered solely by gasoline but with an onboard battery to

improve fuel efficiency or performance. Historically, nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries

have been the most common batteries for HEVs, although the share of Li-ion batteries has grown

since 2010, reaching around half the market for full hybrids and the entire market for mild

hybrids.

Since 2018, PEVs have made up about 2% of the total light-duty vehicle market in the

U.S. Despite a drop in sales due to the COVID-19 pandemic, PEV sales recovered in the U.S. in

the third quarter of 2020. Several studies have projected that PEV sales will grow in the near

future with the introduction of new models that are equipped with batteries that cost less,

perform better, and enable longer driving distances on a single charge [

]. Major battery

original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are launching battery production plants that have

started production or plan to do so in the next few years. The Wood Mackenzie Energy Storage

Service estimated that there are about 285 Li-ion battery GWh-scale factories either in operation

or under development across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa with an annual production

capacity of 745 GWh [

Using monthly sales data for each make and model, this report summarizes Li-ion battery

cell and pack production by manufacturer and country. This report also summarizes the industry

announcements of future investment plans and battery production targets. The focus of this work

is Li-ion batteries used in PEVs and HEVs that were sold in the U.S.

This report has seven sections. The next section, Section 2, discusses major battery

manufacturers supplying the U.S. market. Section 3 summarizes battery cell and pack production

locations by PEV make and model. Section 4 shows historical trends of PEV battery pack and

cell production. Section 5 analyzes Li-ion battery capacity installed in HEVs. Section 6

summarizes EV battery production capacity expansions announced by major suppliers, and

Section 7 is the discussion. Appendix A presents battery supply-chain flow charts for each year

from 2011 to 2020 for both BEVs and PHEVs, while Appendix B presents the details of each

individual vehicle model (PEVs and HEVs) used for calculations.

2 PEV BATTERY AND SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT

This report summarizes the vehicle manufacturing companies and their battery suppliers

for each PEV model from 2010 to 2020. Figures 2-1 to 2-4 show annual PEV sales and the

associated PEV battery cell and pack capacity by battery manufacturer. Annual PEV sales

increased from a few hundred in 2010 to over 330,000 by 2018 but slightly decreased to 320,000

in 2019. The lower demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic further reduced PEV sales to

307,000 in 2020. However, the battery capacity (in GWh) supplied to the U.S. market increased

in both 2019 and 2020, despite the lower total PEV sales, because the average battery capacity

per vehicle increased.

The number of companies providing batteries for PEVs sold in the U.S. has increased

since 2010. Currently, there are about 20 different battery cell and pack manufacturers, which are

supplying about 20 GWh in battery capacity annually for the U.S. market. It is evident that some

of the suppliers are serving multiple vehicle manufacturers and have been able to scale up their

production capacity more quickly than others.

Panasonic and LG Chem are the largest cell suppliers for the U.S. market. Panasonic

supplies battery cells for about 15 vehicle models, including top-selling models such as Tesla

Model S, Model X, Model Y, and Model 3. In total, Panasonic supplied battery cells to 70.9% of

vehicles sold in 2020 in the U.S. LG Chem has the second largest share of both battery cells and

battery packs for vehicles sold in the U.S., approximately 19% and 17%, respectively, in 2020.

Of the total battery cell production in the U.S., the Panasonic share, in terms of capacity, is quite

large, reaching a high of 88.5% in 2018, though falling to 84.9% in 2020, due to the large

batteries in Tesla models (Model S, X, Y, and 3) and their high number of sales.

This report also summarizes the battery and vehicle manufacturing location for each PEV

model from 2010 to 2020. Domestic production continues to be the largest source of battery

packs for the U.S. PEV market, and since 2018, has become the largest source of battery cell

production. Again, this is primarily driven by the large batteries and high number of sales of the

Tesla models. Beyond the U.S, S. Korea and Japan are major battery supply countries supplying

PEV batteries to the U.S. markets, as shown in Figures 2-5 and 2-6.

FIGURE 2-1 Annual PEV sales by battery cell manufacturer. “Others” includes Li-tec,

GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123.

FIGURE 2-2 Annual PEV battery capacity (GWh) by battery cell manufacturer.

“Others” includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and A123.

FIGURE 2-3 Annual PEV sales by battery pack manufacturer. “Others” includes

Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123, Jaguar, and

Draexlmaier.

FIGURE 2-4 Annual PEV battery capacity (GWh) by battery pack manufacturer.

“Others” includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy,

A123, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier.

FIGURE 2-5 Annual PEV battery cell capacity (GWh) by production country

FIGURE 2-6 Annual PEV battery pack capacity (GWh) by production country

Several battery pack manufacturers also produce battery cells. Panasonic and Tesla both

develop batteries at the Gigafactory in Nevada, USA. Panasonic manufactures and supplies the

battery cells to Tesla, which then produces their own battery packs at the Gigafactory [

Panasonic also assembles PEV battery packs for Honda, Toyota, Ford, and others. LG Chem

supplies batteries to GM for the Chevrolet Bolt, and previously supplied batteries for the

Chevrolet Volt and other models [

]. AESC (Automotive Energy Supply Corp.) was previously

a subsidiary of Nissan, but the majority stake is now owned by Envision, which continues to

produce batteries under the AESC brand [

]. Figure 2-7 shows the 2010–2020 cumulative

battery capacity, in MWh, and its flow between battery cell suppliers, battery pack producers,

and vehicle makes. Figure 2-8 shows the same trend but in number of vehicles sold in the U.S. In

total, about 75,933 MWh (76 GWh) of batteries have been supplied and installed in the PEVs

sold in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020. Panasonic supplied cells for nearly 60% of total PEVs sold,

and 74% of the total capacity installed. Similar figures showing the evolving market by year can

be found in Appendix A as Figures A-1 to A-20.

FIGURE 2-7 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer, 2010–2020. “Others” for battery cells includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue

Energy, and A123. “Others” for battery packs includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV

Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes

includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Hyundai, Chrysler,

MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep.

FIGURE 2-8 Number of Li-ion battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

battery manufacturer, 2010–2020. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba,

Blue Energy, and A123. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth

EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue Energy, A123, Jaguar, and Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes

includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Hyundai, Chrysler,

MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep.

3 BATTERY MANUFACTURING LOCATIONS AND DATA ASSUMPTIONS

Battery manufacturers are typically multinational corporations; this report distinguishes

batteries made in factories in different locations to the extent practicable. The same battery

supplier could produce their battery cells and packs in different locations at different times,

depending on the production capacity of each factory and business strategies. For example,

Panasonic has PEV battery factories in Japan, China, and the U.S., while LG Chem produces

PEV batteries in S. Korea, Poland, China, and the U.S. Both SK Innovation and Samsung SDI

have factories in S. Korea, Hungary, and China. Tables B-1 and B-2 in Appendix B summarize

the battery cell and pack production locations by PEV make and model, along with the estimated

corresponding cumulative sales of each model from 2010 to 2020. The sales data and most of the

battery and vehicle assembly location information do not separate by vehicle model year;

therefore, in Tables B-1 and B-2, we tracked the changes in production locations and resulting

sales for that location by calendar year rather than by vehicle model year, acknowledging that

there may be changes in production location throughout a year.

Several models have multiple trim lines which are indistinguishable in sales data, yet

carry different battery sizes, such as Tesla models, the Nissan Leaf, and the BMW i3. We

estimated the average battery capacity for each model year by decoding the vehicle identification

numbers (VINs) from publicly available vehicle registration data. We find that 55% of Nissan

Leafs are equipped with the larger-capacity battery and 69% of the BMW i3 were PHEV with

gasoline-fueled range extenders. For Tesla models, 41% of Tesla Model S, 54% of Tesla Model

X, and 75% of Tesla Model 3 contained the largest battery available. Further details are

available in a forthcoming report [

We researched published reports, white papers, and news articles; all sources used are

referenced. However, we made several general assumptions when data were not available. First,

sources showed that several of the battery packs have cell production locations different than the

battery pack assembly locations, which are often close to the vehicle assembly locations.

Therefore, when information on the battery pack location was not available, we assumed that the

packs were assembled in the manufacturing location closest to the vehicle manufacturing

location. Secondly, when battery cell or pack locations were disclosed in our sources only for

certain years, we assumed the locations did not change for other years when such data were not

available. Thirdly, we assumed that the vehicle models from the same manufacturer would use

the batteries from the same supplier, thus the same production location, when such information

was not available. Finally, if information on the specific production and supply time (e.g., month

of the year) when the vehicle OEM switched their battery suppliers was not available, we

assumed that all vehicles sold in that year used the batteries from the new battery supplier. If the

source indicated that the switch happened in the latter half of the year, we assumed all the

vehicles sold in the next year used batteries from the new battery supplier. Also, state locations

within the U.S. were our best estimate based on the nearest known factory. Specific modeling

assumptions for every make and model of PEV are listed in the notes for Tables B-1 and B-2 in

Appendix B. Where several battery suppliers are mentioned in the references, we list only the

major supplier.

4 HISTORICAL TRENDS: PEV BATTERY PACK AND CELL PRODUCTION

Based on the information in Appendix B’s Tables B-1 and B-2, Figures 4-1 and 4-2

summarize the supply chain from battery cell production to battery pack production to vehicle

assembly by country for all PEVs sold in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020. For PEVs sold in the U.S.,

much of the supply chain is domestically sourced. As seen in Figure 4-1, more than half of the

cells (in terms of total capacity) have been produced in the U.S. due to the sales success of Tesla

models and their large batteries. Pack assembly and vehicle assembly are both largely centered in

the U.S. as well. In terms of the number of vehicles sold, the U.S. share is lower, due largely to

pack production in Europe and Asia for PEVs with smaller batteries than those in the U.S.

The market has not remained static since 2010, nor is it identical for PHEVs and BEVs.

Figures in Appendix A show the evolving trend in the PEV battery supply chain by year, with

Figures A-21 to A-30 showing the total battery capacity, and A-31 to A-40 showing the total

number of PEV sales. For a greater degree of detail, similar figures distinguishing PHEVs and

BEVs are shown in Figures A-41 through A-80. These Sankey diagrams show the historical

trends and highlight the impacts of vehicle manufacturers switching their battery suppliers or

battery suppliers changing their production locations.

In 2013, for example, the battery-pack production location for the Nissan Leaf changed

from Japan to Tennessee, USA. In 2018, the Tesla Gigafactory in Nevada, USA, started

producing Panasonic battery cells for Tesla models sold in the U.S. The share of U.S. battery cell

production, in terms of battery capacity, significantly increased from 16% in 2017 to 60% in

2018 due to the sales success of the Tesla Model 3. This Tesla model represented a total of

8.5 GWh in battery capacity in 2018, which accounted for 53% of the PEV battery capacity that

year. Due to the very high demand for the Tesla Model 3 with its large battery capacity, PEV

sales in 2018 increased by 70% from 2017, while the total battery capacity increased by about

115%.

Since 2017, Korean battery manufacturers have been supplying battery cells for more

than 20 PEV models sold in the U.S. However, the shares of Korean battery production were

smaller than Japanese battery production (before 2018) and less than the U.S. (since 2018) due to

both the lower number of total sales and the relatively smaller batteries used in those models.

FIGURE 4-1 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location, 2010–2020. (From left to right: battery cell production location, battery

pack production location, vehicle assembly location, and vehicles sold in the U.S.)

FIGURE 4-2 Number of Li-ion battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location, 2010–2020. (From left to right: battery cell production location, battery

pack production location, vehicle assembly location, and vehicles sold in the U.S.)

5 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES IN HEVs

PEVs are not the only passenger vehicles that use Li-ion batteries. Li-ion batteries are

also found in HEVs powered solely by gasoline but with an onboard battery for short-range

propulsion. Hybrids considered here include both full hybrids, where the battery is capable of

unassisted propulsion, and mild hybrids, where the battery is able to assist the internal

combustion engine. For HEVs, the battery supply chain is complicated by the multiple

chemistries that have been used for these batteries. Historically, nickel metal hydride (NiMH)

batteries have been the most common batteries for HEVs, although the share of Li-ion batteries

has grown since 2010, reaching around half the market for full hybrids (FHEVs), and the entire

market for mild hybrids (MHEVs), as shown in Figure 5-1. In 2020, 17 models of FHEVs with

Li-ion batteries were sold in the U.S.

FIGURE 5-1 Share of Li-ion batteries in HEVs sold in the U.S., 2008–2020.

Among vehicle manufacturers, Toyota (including the Lexus brand) is the dominant

manufacturer of HEVs, with approximately two-thirds of the cumulative sales since 1999. The

majority of these vehicles have had their batteries supplied by Panasonic (or Primearth EV, a

joint venture of Panasonic and Toyota). Toyota has used both NiMH and Li-ion batteries,

sometimes using both within a single model (such as in the MY2020 Toyota Prius). Because the

precise battery mix is not known, it is shown with uncertainty bars in Figure 5-1. Among all full

hybrids with Li-ion batteries, Panasonic has supplied more than half of the batteries, followed by

LG Chem, Blue Energy (GS Yuasa), and Vehicle Energy Japan (Hitachi). Nearly all of the mild

hybrid batteries have been supplied by LG Chem. Characteristics of the Li-ion batteries for all

HEVs are presented in Table B-3 in Appendix B.

Relative to PEVs, HEVs have much smaller battery capacities. Full hybrids have a

typical Li-ion battery capacity of around 1.3 kWh, while mild hybrids have an average battery

capacity of under 0.5 kWh. For comparison, BEV battery capacities vary between 20 and 100

kWh, and most PHEVs have battery capacities between 5 and 20 kWh. Because of this disparity

in per-vehicle capacity, the total capacity of Li-ion batteries is much higher for PEVs than for

HEVs. In 2020, total HEV sales contained 420 MWh of Li-ion batteries, with 230 MWh installed

in FHEVs and 190 MWh in MHEVs. This was up nearly 30% from 2019, largely due to the

growth in sales of mild hybrids [

6 FUTURE EV BATTERY CAPACITY EXPANSIONS

Forecasts of the global Li-ion battery market for automotive use unanimously show

continued growth through 2030. Figure 6-1 compares forecasts of total Li-ion battery production

capacity and demand of light- and heavy-duty vehicles from multiple sources. Avicenne has

historically published and updated projections for battery production and use across all use

segments [

]. The Bank of Montreal (BMO) published an in-depth analysis about the

historical market for electric vehicle batteries and included projections for growth through 2030

[

]. Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) publishes an Annual Electric Vehicle (EV)

Outlook, which includes the total demand for EVs worldwide as well as global production

capacity estimates, up to 2030 [

]. Circular Energy Storage (CES) Research and

Consulting has provided future Li-ion battery demand for light- and heavy-duty vehicles through

2030 [

]. Researchers from Leiden University (LU) and Argonne National Laboratory

(ANL) projected PEV battery demand based on two scenarios of global PEV stock from the

International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 2020 Global EV Outlook. The stated policies scenario

incorporates existing government policies, while the sustainable development scenario is based

on the IEA EV Outlook’s more optimistic scenario, which is compatible with the climate goals

of the Paris agreement and assumes that PEV sales account for 30% of global light-duty vehicle

sales in 2030 [

]. Nextbigfuture writer and researcher Brian Wang published an article

projecting global growth of Li-ion battery demand through 2030 based on expansion

announcements by major battery manufacturers [

]. The German consulting firm Roland Berger

forecast the growth in both the market demand and production capacity for Li-ion batteries by

application through 2030 [

]. S&P Global Market Intelligence recently estimated global Li-ion

battery production capacity for PEVs through 2025 [

]. A 2019 report by the World Economic

Forum (WEF) Global Battery Alliance, a public-private collaboration platform working to help

establish a sustainable battery value chain, similarly projects PEV battery demand for 2025 and

2030 [

]. Forecasts from McKinsey & Company and Transport & Environment show similar

trends but focus only on European production and are not plotted in Figure 6-1 [

By 2025, forecasts range between 190 GWh and 1050 GWh of annual Li-ion battery

production for on-road vehicles; for 2030, these forecasts range from 700 GWh globally to 2500

GWh. In terms of annual Li-ion battery production capacity globally, estimates increase from

about 500 GWh in 2020 to around 1500 GWh in 2025, nearing 2500 GWh by 2030. In Figure 6-

1, solid lines represent forecasts for Li-ion battery demand, while dashed lines represent

capacity. Each of these forecasts accounts for all types of on-road vehicles including passenger

vehicles and heavy-duty trucks and buses except for the forecasts from S&P Global and Leiden

& Argonne, which each forecast only passenger PEVs.

FIGURE 6-1 Future global Li-ion battery demand and production capacity, 2020-2030. BMO:

Bank of Montreal, BNEF: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, CES: Circular Energy Storage, LU:

Leiden University, ANL: Argonne National Laboratory, WEF: World Economic Forum. Note:

Roland Berger provided 2019 estimates instead of 2020, hence the omitted data points for those

sources in 2020.

Major Li-ion battery manufacturers have announced plans for, or are in the process of,

constructing new Li-ion battery cell factories to support rising PEV markets globally. The top

10 manufacturers globally are ramping up to nearly 3 terawatt-hours (TWh) of production

capacity from 180 GWh-scale battery factories by 2030[

]. The technology trend is to use less

cobalt in the cathode, which points to the importance of continuing to track the key cathode

chemistries used in PEV batteries. Based on the announcements made by the major companies,

described below, the total battery production capacity could increase to about 80 GWh by 2023

in the U.S alone.

 SK Innovation has started construction of its second Li-ion battery cell factory in

Commerce, Jackson County, Georgia, with a planned manufacturing capacity of

11.7 GWh Li-ion cells. It is expected to start production in 2023. The first 9.8 GWh

factory, at the same site, has been under construction since March 2019 with a planned

production start in 2022. The combined output would be 21.5 GWh annually. However,

in February 2021, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) announced a verdict in

a trade-secret dispute between SK Innovation and LG Chem, which will ban SK

Innovation’s PEV battery business (including importation, domestic production, and sale

of batteries for PEVs) in the U.S. for 10 years [

]. It is uncertain whether SK Innovation

will complete the construction of the two factories, and which battery supplier would

provide the required volume of batteries to Ford and Volkswagen. SK Innovation also has

a 7.5 GWh factory, with plans to reach 17.3 GWh by 2022, in Kamarom, Hungary [

 Panasonic plans to invest $100M in a PEV battery plant in the U.S. for Tesla and raise its

production capacity to 39 GWh per year. Currently, the annual production capacity is

about 25 GWh. Panasonic will boost the energy density of the PEV batteries it supplies to

Tesla by 20% over the next five years and aims to deliver a cobalt-free battery by 2022–

2023. In addition, Tesla is building a pilot battery cell manufacturing line in Fremont,

California, and designing its own equipment to produce the cells [

 General Motors (GM) and LG Chem announced plans to mass produce battery cells for

GM’s future PEVs in Lordstown, Ohio, with an expected annual production capacity of

20 GWh by 2023. LG Chem also announced the establishment of a plant in Wroclaw,

Poland, with an expected annual production capacity of 65 GWh by 2023. This factory

will mainly supply to the European vehicle manufacturers. LG Chem will also increase

the annual production capacity of their factory in China to over 40 GWh. This factory

will supply to both European and U.S. vehicle manufacturers [

 Samsung SDI has opened a production facility in Göd, Hungary, which has an expected

capacity of 12 million cells per month supplying batteries to BMW and Volkswagen [

, 32].

 CATL (China’s Contemporary Amperex Technology) is building its first overseas plant

in Erfurt, Germany, and is considering a U.S. factory. The German factory is expected to

have an initial annual capacity of 14 GWh by 2022 with expansion to 24 GWh planned in

the years to follow. The company’s clients include BMW and Volvo. CATL has

announced it is readying a new and cheaper type of battery technology that does not rely

on expensive nickel or cobalt as a key component [

 Volkswagen has announced plans to build six gigawatt-hour scale factories in Europe by

2030, with a total annual capacity of 240 GWh. These plants will be manufacturing

prismatic cells for the batteries. The first two of these manufacturing plants will be in

Germany and Sweden [

7 DISCUSSION

With over 300,000 annual PEV sales, about 20 different battery cell and pack

manufacturers are currently supplying about 20 GWh of batteries annually for the U.S. market.

PEV adoption is projected to grow with more long-range models to be introduced into the

market. The battery demand, in both number of units and capacity, will grow substantially. The

batteries used in PEVs sold in the U.S. have been largely domestically sourced. In terms of total

battery capacity since 2010, over half of all cells have been produced in the U.S., as have nearly

90% of all battery packs. This trend toward domestic production has grown over time, with

69.6% of battery cells and 87.2% of battery packs, again in terms of battery capacity, produced

in the U.S. in 2020. Most of this production is for BEVs rather than for PHEVs, both because of

the larger capacity intrinsic to BEVs as well as the greater diversity of manufacturers of PHEVs.

However, the large share of domestic production is due to a single player; in 2020, Panasonic

alone accounted for 84.9% of U.S. battery cell production, while Tesla/Panasonic (combined)

accounted for 87.7% of U.S. pack production, in terms of capacity. In addition to the facilities in

Nevada and California for Tesla/Panasonic, there are domestic battery production locations for

other OEMs in Michigan, Tennessee and South Carolina.

Through 2020, the total amount of battery capacity installed in long-range BEVs (those

vehicles with over 150 miles of all-electric range) was 67.8 GWh. In short-range BEVs, the

battery capacity total was 4.9 GWh, while PHEVs had 8.1 GWh and HEVs had 2.0 GWh. Figure

7-1 presents the annual shares of these vehicle types, showing that the total Li-ion capacity in

PEVs is predominantly in long-range BEVs. This is due both to the total number of sales of these

vehicles as well as the relative size of the batteries. Since 2010, the market has shifted from

short-range to long-range BEV. Proportionally, PHEVs have decreased in total battery share, as

have hybrids. However, this has the potential to change if HEVs are viewed as a cost-effective

way for automakers to meet compliance standards. According to the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, HEVs surpassed 6% of total light-duty vehicles sold in the U.S. in 2020,

more than doubling from 2018 due to increased availability of hybrid vehicles, particularly mild

hybrids [15].

FIGURE 7-1 Share of total annual Li-ion battery capacity by long- and short-range BEV

(above/below 150 miles), long- and short- range of PHEVs (above/below 20 miles), and HEVs in

the U.S., 2010–2020.

With the evolving technology trend such as using less cobalt in the cathode, it is

important to track the key cathode chemistries used in PEV batteries in future research.

Understanding the battery supply chain is particularly important for the strategic planning and

development of a battery recycling infrastructure to secure critical materials supply and enable a

circular economy. The battery manufacturing process can generate a considerable amount of

manufacturing scrap due to limitations of current technologies; the battery modeling tool BatPaC

estimates that 7.8% of the valuable cathode material used for the cell production process does not

end up in battery cells, and 5% of the produced cells fail quality inspection and are rejected [

These manufacturing scraps contain critical materials such as cobalt and lithium and are

available for immediate recycling. Knowing the locations of battery production sites can assist in

siting recycling facilities. Similarly, batteries in PEVs will ultimately be available for recycling

at the end of their service life [

]. While some of the spent PEV battery packs may have a

second life for less-demanding applications, they will be available for recycling eventually.

Tracking where vehicles are sold and registered enables optimal siting of future battery recycling

facilities. Future efforts to further identify secondary sales and decommissioning will improve

such siting efforts.

8 REFERENCES

[

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APPENDIX A: LI-ION BATTERY CELL AND PACK FLOW DIAGRAMS FOR PEVs

Figures A-1 to A-10 show battery capacity supplied by manufacturer. Note that the

following annual diagrams for battery capacity by manufacturer are on the same scale: one unit

corresponds to the same height in each figure. Because of this, one can easily compare the

growth in the PEV market over time. Also note that the values are battery capacity measured in

MWh.

FIGURE A-1 2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec and GS Yuasa; “Others” for battery pack

includes Accumotive and GS Yuasa. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart and Mitsubishi.

FIGURE A-2 2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, and Toshiba; “Others” for

battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, and Toshiba. “Others” for

vehicle makes includes Smart and Mitsubishi.

FIGURE A-3 2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and

A123; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba,

Blue Energy, and A123. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, and Cadillac.

FIGURE A-4 2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and

A123; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba,

Blue Energy, A123 and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat,

Cadillac, Mercedes, and Volkswagen.

FIGURE A-5 2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, and Blue Energy;

“Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue

Energy, and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac,

Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Volvo.

FIGURE A-6 2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy,

and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes,

Volkswagen, and Volvo.

FIGURE A-7 2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive and GS Yuasa. “Others” for vehicle

makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, and

MINI.

FIGURE A-8 2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, and Jaguar. “Others”

for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo,

Chrysler, MINI, and Jaguar.

FIGURE A-9 2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Jaguar, and

Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes,

Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, and Lincoln.

FIGURE A-10 2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Jaguar, and

Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes,

Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep.

Figures A-11 to A-20 show the number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV

market by manufacturer. Note that the following annual diagrams for battery packs/vehicle units

by manufacturer are on the same scale: one unit corresponds to the same height in each figure.

Also note that the values are measured in thousands of units.

FIGURE A-11 2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec and GS Yuasa; “Others” for battery pack

includes Accumotive and GS Yuasa. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart and Mitsubishi.

FIGURE A-12 2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, and Toshiba; “Others” for

battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, and Toshiba. “Others” for

vehicle makes includes Smart and Mitsubishi.

FIGURE A-13 2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and

A123; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba,

Blue Energy, and A123. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, and Cadillac.

FIGURE A-14 2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, Blue Energy, and

A123; “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba,

Blue Energy, A123 and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat,

Cadillac, Mercedes, and Volkswagen.

FIGURE A-15 2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery cell includes Li-tec, GS Yuasa, Toshiba, and Blue Energy;

“Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy, Toshiba, Blue

Energy, and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac,

Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Volvo.

FIGURE A-16 2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Primearth EV Energy,

and Sanyo. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes,

Volkswagen, and Volvo.

FIGURE A-17 2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive and GS Yuasa. “Others” for vehicle

makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, and

MINI.

FIGURE A-18 2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, and Jaguar. “Others”

for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo,

Chrysler, MINI, and Jaguar.

FIGURE A-19 2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Jaguar, and

Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Smart, Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes,

Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, and Lincoln.

FIGURE A-20 2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

manufacturer. “Others” for battery pack includes Accumotive, GS Yuasa, Jaguar, and

Draexlmaier. “Others” for vehicle makes includes Mitsubishi, Fiat, Cadillac, Mercedes,

Volkswagen, Volvo, Chrysler, MINI, Jaguar, Subaru, Land Rover, Lincoln, Polestar, and Jeep.

Figures A-21 to A-30 show battery capacity supplied to the U.S. PEV market by production

location. Note that the following annual diagrams for battery capacity by country are on the same

scale: one unit corresponds to the same height in each figure. Also note that the values are

measured in MWh.

FIGURE A-21 2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-22 2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-23 2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-24 2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-25 2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-26 2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Japan, Poland, and Hungary; “Others” for

vehicle assembly includes France, Japan, and Sweden.

FIGURE A-27 2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.“Others” for battery pack includes Poland and China; “Others” for vehicle

assembly includes France, Sweden, Canada, China, Austria, and Netherlands.

FIGURE A-28 2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China; “Others” for battery

pack includes Poland and China; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Sweden, China,

and Netherlands.

FIGURE A-29 2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and Hungary; “Others” for battery

pack includes China and U.K.; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, Sweden, China,

Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

FIGURE A-30 2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and Hungary; “Others” for battery

pack includes Hungary, China, and United Kingdom; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes

Sweden, China, Netherlands, Mexico, Slovakia, Canada, and United Kingdom.

Figures A-31 to A-40 show the number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the

U.S. PEV market by production location. Note that the following annual diagrams for battery

packs/vehicle units by country are on the same scale: one unit corresponds to the same height in

each figure. Also note that the values are measured in thousands of units.

FIGURE A-31 2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-32 2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-33 2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-34 2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-35 2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-36 2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Japan, Poland, and Hungary; “Others” for

vehicle assembly includes France, Japan, and Sweden.

FIGURE A-37 2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China; “Others” for battery

pack includes S. Korea, Poland and China; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes France, S.

Korea, Sweden, Canada, China, Austria, and Netherlands.

FIGURE A-38 2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and Hungary; “Others” for battery

pack includes Poland, Hungary, S. Korea, and China; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes

France, S. Korea, Sweden, China, and Netherlands.

FIGURE A-39 2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes China and Hungary; “Others” for battery

pack includes Poland, China, Belgium, and United Kingdom; “Others” for vehicle assembly

includes France, Sweden, China, Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

FIGURE A-40 2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China; “Others” for battery

pack includes Hungary, China, and United Kingdom; “Others” for vehicle assembly includes

Sweden, China, Netherlands, Mexico, Slovakia, Canada, and United Kingdom.

Figures A-41 through A-50 show battery capacity for battery cell, battery pack, vehicle

assembly, vehicle sale, by location, only BEVs. Note that the following annual diagrams for

battery capacity by country are on the same scale: one unit corresponds to the same height in

each figure. Also note that the values are measured in MWh.

FIGURE A-41 2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-42 2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-43 2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-44 2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-45 2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-46 2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-47 2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-48 2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Germany and Japan.

FIGURE A-49 2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Germany and Japan. “Others” for vehicle

assembly includes France, Mexico, and Japan.

FIGURE A-50 2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes Japan and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Mexico, Japan, China, and

United Kingdom.

Figures A-51 through A-60 show the number of battery packs/vehicle units for battery

cell, battery pack, vehicle assembly, vehicle sale, by location, only BEVs. Note that the

following annual diagrams for battery packs/vehicle units by country are on the same scale: one

unit corresponds to the same height in each figure. Also note that the values are measured in

thousands of units.

FIGURE A-51 2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-52 2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-53 2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-54 2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-55 2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-56 2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-57 2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-58 2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Poland and Japan. “Others” for vehicle

assembly includes Japan and Austria.

FIGURE A-59 2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Germany and Japan. “Others” for vehicle

assembly includes France, Mexico, and Japan.

FIGURE A-60 2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. BEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes Japan and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Mexico, Japan, China, and

United Kingdom.

Figures A-61 through A-70 show battery capacity for battery cell, battery pack, vehicle

assembly, vehicle sale, by location, only PHEVs. Note that the following annual diagrams for

battery capacity by country are on the same scale: one unit corresponds to the same height in

each figure. Also note that the values are measured in MWh.

FIGURE A-61 2011 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location.

FIGURE A-62 2012 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location.

FIGURE A-63 2013 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location.

FIGURE A-64 2014 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location.

FIGURE A-65 2015 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location.

FIGURE A-66 2016 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location.

FIGURE A-67 2017 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes China and Netherlands.

FIGURE A-68 2018 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes Poland and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden and China.

FIGURE A-69 2019 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes China, Belgium, and United Kingdom. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes

Netherlands, China, Belgium, and United Kingdom.

FIGURE A-70 2020 Total capacity (MWh) of Li-ion batteries supplied to the U.S. PHEV market

by production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. “Others” for

battery pack includes Belgium, United Kingdom, and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly

includes Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, and China.

Figures A-71 through A-80 show the number of battery packs/vehicle units for battery

cell, battery pack, vehicle assembly, vehicle sale, by location, only PHEVs. Note that the

following annual diagrams for battery packs/vehicle units by country are on the same scale: one

unit corresponds to the same height in each figure. Also note that the values are measured in

thousands of units.

FIGURE A-71 2011 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-72 2012 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-73 2013 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-74 2014 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-75 2015 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-76 2016 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location.

FIGURE A-77 2017 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery pack includes Poland, S. Korea, Hungary, and China.

“Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden, S. Korea, China and Netherlands.

FIGURE A-78 2018 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes Poland, Hungary, and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden,

Netherlands, and China.

FIGURE A-79 2019 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Poland and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes China, Belgium, United Kingdom. “Others” for vehicle assembly includes Sweden,

Netherlands, China, Belgium, and United Kingdom.

FIGURE A-80 2020 Number of battery packs (or vehicles) supplied to the U.S. PHEV market by

production location. “Others” for battery cell includes Hungary and China. “Others” for battery

pack includes Hungary, Belgium, United Kingdom, and China. “Others” for vehicle assembly

includes Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom, and China.

APPENDIX B: VEHICLE MAKE AND MODEL DATA

This appendix presents information about batteries in each make and model of plug-in

electric vehicles and hybrids sold in the United States from 2010 through 2020. This information

includes the cell manufacturer and pack manufacturer along with production country for each

PEV, as well as the state for United States production, as shown in Table B-1 and Table B-2. The

state for U.S. production is a best estimate based on the available sources, although there are

several cases where we must assume a state based on the nearest known factory. The tables also

present vehicle assembly location, per-vehicle battery capacity, and total cumulative sales of

each model. Table B-3 presents the battery capacity and manufacturer for each model of hybrid

with a Li-ion battery. For the HEV, model year is shown to match the FuelEconomy.gov

database.

TABLE B-1 BEV Battery Cell, Battery Pack Manufacturers and Vehicle Assembly Locations by Make and Model

Vehicle

Make

Vehicle

Model

Calendar

Year

Cell OEM

Pack OEM

Cell Production

Location

Pack

Production

Location

Vehicle

Assembly

Location*

Battery

Size

(kWh)

Cumulative

Sales

(2010-

2020,

thousands)

Audi

E-tron

2019-2020

LG Chem

47,48,49

LG Chem

Poland

51,52

Belgium

53,54

Belgium

12.6

BMW

Active E

2012

Samsung

Bosch

Korea

Germany

0.7

BMW

2014-2018

Samsung

61,62

Samsung SDI

Korea

64,65

Germany

66,67

Germany

22-33

10.4

BMW

2018-2020

Samsung

69,70

Samsung SDI

Hungary

Germany

33-42

3.0

Chevrolet

Bolt

2016-2019

LG Chem

73,74

LG Chem

Korea

76,77

MI,

†

U.S.

78,79

MI, U.S.

80,81

50.2

Chevrolet

Bolt

2019

‡

2020

LG Chem

MI, U.S.

82,83,84

MI, U.S.

60-66

28.9

Chevrolet

Spark

2013-2014

A123

MI, U.S.

Korea

90,91

1.7

Chevrolet

Spark

2015-2016

LG Chem

MI, U.S.

Korea

5.7

Fiat

500e

2013-2020

Samsung

97,98

Bosch

99,100

MI,

†

U.S.

101

MI,

†

U.S.

102,103

Mexico

104

14.0

Ford

Focus EV

2012-2013

LG Chem

105,106

LG Chem

107

Korea

108

MI,

†

U.S.

109

MI, U.S.

110

2.0

Ford

Focus EV

2013-2018

LG Chem

111,112

LG Chem

113

MI, U.S.

114,115,116

MI, U.S.

117,118

MI, U.S.

119

23-34

7.2

Ford

Mustang

Mach E

2020

LG Chem

120,121

LG Chem

Poland

122,123

MI,

†

U.S.

Mexico

124

0.003

Honda

Clarity

Electric

2017-2020

Panasonic

125

Panasonic

Japan

2.7

Honda

Fit EV

2012-2014

Toshiba

126

Toshiba

127

Japan

128,129

Japan

130

1.1

Hyundai

Ioniq

Electric

2017-2020

LG Chem

131

LG Chem

132,133

Korea

134,◊

Korea

135

28-38

4.1

Hyundai

Kona

Electric

2019-2020

LG Chem

136,137

LG Chem

138

Korea

139,◊

Korea

140

Korea

141

6.6

Jaguar

I-Pace

2018-2020

LG Chem

142

Jaguar

143,144

Poland

145

Poland

146

Austria

147

4.4

Kia

Niro

Electric

2019-2020

Innovation

148,149

SK Innovation

150

Korea

151

Korea

152

5.4

Kia

Soul EV

2014-2018

Innovation

153,154

SK Innovation

155,156

Korea

157,158

Korea

159

Korea

160

27-30

6.3

Mercedes

B-Class

Electric

Drive

2014-2016

Panasonic

161,162

Tesla

163,164

Japan

CA,

†

U.S.

Germany

165

3.3

TABLE B-1 (Cont.)

Vehicle

Make

Vehicle

Model

Calendar

Year

Cell OEM

Pack OEM

Cell

Production

Location

Pack

Production

Location

Vehicle

Assembly

Location*

Battery

Size

(kWh)

Cumulative

Sales

(2010-

2020,

thousands)

Mercedes

B-Class

Electric

Drive

2017

166

2018

SK Innovation

167

Accumotive

168

Korea

169

Germany

170

Germany

0.9

MINI

Cooper

2020

Samsung

Samsung SDI

Korea

Germany

171

U.K.

172

0.4

Mitsubishi

I EV

2011-2017

GS Yuasa

173

GS Yuasa

174

Japan

175

Japan

176,177

2.1

Nissan

Leaf

2010-2012

AESC

178

Japan

179

19.5

Nissan

Leaf

2013-2020

AESC

180,181

AESC

182,183

TN, U.S.

184,185

TN, U.S.

186,187

TN, U.S.

188,189

24-62

132.0

Polestar

2020

LG Chem

190

LG Chem

191

China

‡‡

China

‡‡

China

192

0.1

Porsche

Taycan

2019-2020

LG Chem

193

Draexlmaier

194,195

Korea

196

Germany

197

Germany

198

4.5

Smart

2011-2015

Li-tec

199

Accumotive

200

Germany

201

Germany

202

France

17-18

5.4

Smart

2016-2019

LG Chem

203,204

Accumotive

205

Korea

Germany

206

France

207

3.1

Tesla

Model 3

2017-2020

Panasonic

208,209

Tesla

210

NV, U.S.

211,212

NV, U.S.

213

CA, U.S.

214,215

54-75

355.7

Tesla

Model S

2012-2020

Panasonic

216,217

Tesla

218

Japan

219,220

CA,

†

U.S.

221

CA, U.S.

222

60-100

176.6

Tesla

Model X

2015-2020

Panasonic

223,224

Tesla

225

Japan

226,227

CA,

†

U.S.

228

CA, U.S.

229

60-100

99.5

Tesla

Model Y

2020

Panasonic

230

Tesla

NV, U.S.

231

NV,

†

U.S.

CA, U.S.

232,233

58.2

Toyota

RAV4

2012-2014

Panasonic

Tesla

234,235

Japan

CA,

†

U.S.

236

Canada

237

2.4

Volkswagen

e-golf

2014-2016

Panasonic

238

Sanyo

239

Korea

Germany

240

Germany

241

8.5

Volkswagen

e-golf

2017-2020

Samsung

242,243

Samsung SDI

244

Korea

245

Hungary

246,247

Germany

202

10.5

* Vehicle assembly locations are from AALA unless cited otherwise. AALA was consulted for all models [

248

]

† USA state location is best estimate based on nearest known factory

‡ For the Chevy Bolt, we assume that the 50,932 recalled vehicles in the U.S. had cells produced in Korea and the remainder in the U.S. [

249

250

]

# For the Ford Mustang MACH E battery pack OEM and location, we assume the same as other Ford vehicles

§ Data are limited for the Honda Clarity BEV; unless cited otherwise, we assume the same as Honda Clarity PHEV

¶ A VIN search for the Honda Clarity BEV shows the 11th digit ‘C’, implying assembly at Sayama plant in Japan

◊ For the Hyundai Ioniq EV and Kona EV, cell production may be in Nanjing, China [

251

252

]

^ For the MINI Cooper SE, unless otherwise cited, we assume the same OEM as the MINI Countryman SE PHEV

Δ For the early Nissan Leaf models, we assume that the battery cell and pack locations are the same as the assembly location

‡‡ For the Polestar 2, we assume the same location as the Volvo S90, which is also the closest LG Chem plant to the assembly location

TABLE B-2 PHEV Battery Cell, Battery Pack Manufacturers and Vehicle Assembly Locations by Make and Model

Vehicle

Make

Vehicle Model

Calendar

Year

Cell OEM

Pack OEM

Cell Production

Location

Pack

Production

Location

Vehicle

Assembly

Location*

Battery

Size

(kWh)

Cumulative

Sales (2010-

2020,

thousands)

Audi

A3 Plug-in

2016-2019

Panasonic

253

Panasonic

254

Japan

255

Germany

‡

Germany

256

9.6

Audi

A8 Plug-in

2020

LG Chem

257

LG Chem

Poland

Belgium

258

Germany

259

0.03

Audi

2019-2020

LG Chem

260

LG Chem

Poland

261

Belgium

262

Mexico

263

1.7

BMW

3-Series Plug-in

2016-2020

Samsung

Samsung SDI

264

Korea

265

Hungary

266

Germany

267

9.6

BMW

5-Series Plug-in

2017-2020

Samsung

268

BMW Group

269

Korea

270

Germany

271

Austria

272

9-12

22.8

BMW

7-Series Plug-in

2016-2020

Samsung

273

Samsung SDI

274

Korea

275

Germany

276

Germany

277

9-12

1.6

BMW

i3 REx

2014-2018

Samsung

Samsung SDI

Korea

Germany

22-33

24.6

BMW

i3 REx

2018-2020

Samsung

Samsung SDI

Hungary

Germany

33-42

5.5

BMW

2014-2020

Samsung

278

Samsung SDI

279

Korea

Germany

280

Germany

281

7-12

7.0

BMW

2020

Samsung

282

BMW Group

283,284

Korea

285

SC, U.S.

286,287

SC, U.S.

288

0.9

BMW

2015-2020

Samsung

289,290

BMW Group

291,292

Korea

293

SC, U.S.

294,295

SC,

U.S.

296,297

9-24

18.7

Cadillac

CT6

2017-2018

LG Chem

298

LG Chem

MI,

†

U.S.

299

MI, U.S.

300,301

China

302

0.5

Cadillac

ELR

2013-2016

LG Chem

303

LG Chem

304

MI, U.S.

305

MI, U.S.

306,307

MI, U.S.

308

2.9

Chevrolet

Volt

2010-2013

LG Chem

309

LG Chem

310

Korea

311

MI, U.S.

312

MI, U.S.

48.2

Chevrolet

Volt

2013-2019

LG Chem

313

LG Chem

314,315

MI, U.S.

316,317

MI, U.S.

318

MI,

U.S.

319,320

17-18

108.8

Chrysler

Pacifica Plug-in

Hybrid

2017-2020

LG Chem

321

LG Chem

322

MI, U.S.

323

MI, U.S.

324,325

Canada

326

22.7

Ford

C-Max Energi

2012-2018

Panasonic

327

Panasonic

328

MI,

†

U.S.

329

MI, U.S.

330

MI, U.S.

331

42.2

Ford

Fusion Energi

2013-2020

Panasonic

332,

333

Panasonic

334

MI,

†

U.S.

MI, U.S.

335

Mexico

336,337

72.8

Honda

Accord PHEV

2013-2015

Blue Energy

338

Blue Energy

339

Japan

340

Japan

341

1.0

Honda

Clarity Plug-in

2017-2020

Panasonic

342

Panasonic

343

Japan

344

34.2

Hyundai

Ioniq Plug-in

2018-2020

LG Chem

345

LG Chem

Korea

346

Korea

347

7.8

Hyundai

Sonata Plug-in

2015-2020

LG Chem

348

LG Chem

349,350

Korea

351

Korea

352

6.7

Jeep

Wrangler PHEV

2020

LG Chem

MI, U.S.

OH, U.S.

353

0.1

Kia

Niro Plug-in

2018-2020

Innovation

354

SK Innovation

355

Korea

356

Korea

357

10.1

Kia

Optima Plug-in

◊

2017-2020

SK Innovation

LG Chem

358

Korea

359

Korea

360

2.8

TABLE B-2 (Cont.)

Vehicle

Make

Vehicle Model

Calendar

Year

Cell OEM

Pack OEM

Cell Production

Location

Pack

Production

Location

Vehicle

Assembly

Location*

Battery

Size

(kWh)

Cumulative

Sales (2010-

2020,

thousands)

Land

Rover

Range Rover

Plug-in, Range

Rover Sport

Plug-in

2019-2020

Samsung

361,362

Jaguar

363

Hungary

364

U.K.

365

U.K.

366

1.8

Lincoln

Aviator Plug-in

2019-2020

LG Chem

367

LG Chem

368

MI,

†

U.S.

MI,

†

U.S.

IL, U.S.

369,370

1.9

Mercedes

C350We

2016-2020

Innovation

371,372

Accumotive

373

Korea

374

Germany

375,376

AL, U.S.

377

1.9

Mercedes

GLC350e

2018-2020

Innovation

378,379

Accumotive

380

Korea

381

Germany

382,383

Germany

384,

385

9-14

8.8

Mercedes

GLE 550e

2016-2019

Innovation

386,387

Accumotive

388

Korea

389

Germany

390,391

AL, U.S.

392

1.4

Mercedes

S550 Plug-in

2015-2018

Innovation

393,394

Accumotive

395,396

Korea

397

Germany

398

1.4

MINI

Countryman S E

‡‡

2017-2020

Samsung

Samsung SDI

Korea

Germany

Netherlands

399

8-10

3.2

Mitsubishi

Outlander Plug-in

2018-2020

GS Yuasa

400

GS Yuasa

401

Japan

402

Japan

403

Japan

404

8.9

Polestar

2020

LG Chem

405

LG Chem

406

China

407

0.01

Porsche

Cayenne E-

Hybrid

2014-2019

Panasonic

408

Bosch

409

Japan

Germany

410

7.3

Porsche

Cayenne E-

Hybrid

2020

§§

Panasonic

Bosch

Japan

Germany

Slovakia

411

2.4

Porsche

Panamera E-

Hybrid

¶¶

2013-2020

Panasonic

412

Bosch

413

Japan

Germany

414

9-14

4.8

Subaru

Crosstrek

Hybrid

ΔΔ

2019-2020

Panasonic

Japan

5.1

Toyota

Prius PHEV

2012-2016

Panasonic

415

Primearth EV

Energy

416

Japan

417

Japan

418

42.3

Toyota

Prius Prime

PHEV

2016-2020

Panasonic

419

Japan

420

Japan

421

Japan

87.5

Toyota

RAV4 Prime

◊◊

2020

Panasonic

Japan

422

3.2

Volvo

S90 Plug-in

2017-2020

LG Chem

423

LG Chem

424

China

425

China

426

9-10

0.8

Volvo

V60 Plug-in

2019-2020

LG Chem

427

LG Chem

428

Poland

429

Belgium

430

Belgium

431

1.0

TABLE B-2 (Cont.)

Vehicle

Make

Vehicle Model

Calendar

Year

Cell OEM

Pack OEM

Cell Production

Location

Pack

Production

Location

Vehicle

Assembly

Location*

Battery

Size

(kWh)

Cumulative

Sales (2010-

2020,

thousands)

Volvo

XC60 Plug-in

2017-2020

LG Chem

432

LG Chem

433,434

Poland

435

Poland

436

Sweden

437

10-12

6.5

Volvo

XC90 Plug-in

2015-2020

LG Chem

438

LG Chem

439,440

Poland

441

Poland

442

Sweden

443

9-10

11.0

* Vehicle assembly locations are from AALA unless cited otherwise. AALA was consulted for all models [

444

]

† USA state location is best estimate based on nearest known factory

‡ No references available for the Audi A3 Plug-in battery pack location, so we assume that it is close to the assembly location

# For the BMW i3 REx, we assume the same OEMs and locations as the i3 BEV

§ Data are limited for the Honda Clarity PHEV; we use the available sources to form our assumptions. The batteries may be produced by Blue Energy, as indicated by a

comment in [

445

]

¶ We assume that the Hyundai Ioniq PHEV is the same as the Ioniq EV unless otherwise cited

^ For the Jeep Wrangler battery pack and cell OEM and location, we assume the same as the Chrysler Pacifica PHEV [

446

]

Δ For the Kia Niro PHEV, we assume the battery OEMs and locations are the same as the Niro BEV

◊ Data are limited for the Kia Optima PHEV. Where sources are unavailable, we make assumptions based on other Kia models

‡‡ For the Mini Countryman S E, we assume the battery OEMs and locations are the same as other BMW vehicles

^^ For the Polestar 1, we assume the same location as the Volvo S90, which is also the closest LG Chem plant to the assembly location

§§ Note that while Automobilemag indicates that the 2019 Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid is assembled in Slovakia, we use the AALA, which indicates that 2020 is the first year in

which it was assembled in Slovakia

¶¶ We combine several Porsche Panamera E-Hybrid models since the available sales data is aggregated as such

ΔΔ We assume that the Subaru Crosstrek PHEV is produced by the same OEMs in the same locations as the Toyota Prius Prime [

447

448

]

◊◊ One source indicates that the Toyota RAV4 Prime PHEV sources batteries from Prime Planet Energy & Solutions [

449

]. However, according to official documentation, Prime

Planet will not begin producing batteries until 2022; as such, we assume that Panasonic will supply batteries in the meantime [

450

]

TABLE B-3 Li-Ion HEV Battery Cell, Battery Pack Manufacturers and Vehicle Assembly Locations by Make and Model

Vehicle Make

Vehicle Model

Model Year

Battery Size (kWh)

Pack Manufacturer

Hybrid Type

Acura

ILX Hybrid

2013-2014

0.7

Blue Energy

Mild

Acura

MDX Hybrid

2017-2018

1.3

Blue Energy

Full

Acura

NSX Hybrid

2017-2021

1.3

Blue Energy

Full

Acura

RLX Hybrid

2014-2020

1.3

Blue Energy

Full

Audi

2021

0.5

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2021

0.5

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2020-2021

0.8

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2019-2021

0.8

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2019-2021

0.5

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2013-2016

1.3

Sanyo

Full

Audi

2020-2021

0.5

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2019-2021

0.9

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

RS 6 Avant

2021

0.9

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

RS 7

2021

0.9

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

RS Q8

2020-2021

0.9

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2020-2021

0.8

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2020-2021

0.8

LG Chem

Mild

Audi

2020-2021

0.5

LG Chem

Mild

BMW

530i xDrive

2021

0.5

BMW Group

Mild

BMW

540i

2021

0.5

BMW Group

Mild

BMW

ActiveHybrid 3

2013-2014

1.3

A123

Full

BMW

ActiveHybrid 5

2015

1.4

A123

Full

BMW

ActiveHybrid 5

2012-2015

0.7

A123

Full

BMW

ActiveHybrid 7

2011-2012

0.4

Johnson Controls

+ Saft ABS

Mild

BMW

ActiveHybrid 7L

2013-2015

1.0

Johnson Controls

+ Saft ABS

Full

BMW

M340i

2021

0.5

BMW Group

Mild

TABLE B-3 (Cont.)

Vehicle Make

Vehicle Model

Model Year

Battery Size (kWh)

Pack Manufacturer

Hybrid Type

BMW

X5 sDrive40i

2021

0.5

BMW Group

Mild

BMW

X7 xDrive40i

2021

0.5

BMW Group

Mild

Buick

LaCrosse eAssist

2012-2016

0.5

Hitachi

Mild

Buick

LaCrosse eAssist

2018-2019

0.4

Hitachi

Mild

Buick

Regal eAssist

2012-2016

0.5

Hitachi

Mild

Chevrolet

Impala eAssist

2014

0.5

Hitachi

Mild

Chevrolet

Malibu eAssist

2013-2014

0.5

Hitachi

Mild

Chevrolet

Malibu Hybrid

2016-2019

1.5

Hitachi

Full

Chevrolet

Silverado 15 Hybrid 2WD

2016-2018

0.4

Hitachi

Mild

Ford

C-MAX Hybrid FWD

2013-2018

1.4

Panasonic

Full

Ford

Escape

2020

1.1

Vehicle Energy Japan

Full

Ford

Explorer

2020-2021

1.5

Vehicle Energy Japan

Full

Ford

F150 Pickup 4WD HEV

2021

1.5

Vehicle Energy Japan

Full

Ford

Fusion Hybrid FWD

2013-2020

1.4

Panasonic

Full

GMC

Sierra

2016-2018

0.4

Hitachi

Mild

Honda

Accord Hybrid

2014-2021

1.3

Blue Energy

Full

Honda

Civic Hybrid

2012-2015

1.0

Blue Energy

Mild

Honda

CR-V Hybrid AWD

2020-2021

1.4

Honda - Panasonic

Full

Honda

CR-Z

2013-2016

0.7

Blue Energy

Mild

Honda

Insight

2019-2021

1.1

Honda - Panasonic

Full

Hyundai

Elantra

2021

1.3

LG Chem

Full

Hyundai

Ioniq

2017-2021

1.6

LG Chem

Full

Hyundai

Sonata

2011-2015

1.4

LG Chem

Full

Hyundai

Sonata

2016-2017

1.6

LG Chem

Full

Hyundai

Sonata

2018-2021

1.8

LG Chem

Full

Infiniti

M35h

2012-2013

1.4

AESC

Full

Infiniti

Q50 Hybrid

2014-2018

1.4

AESC

Full

TABLE B-3 (Cont.)

Vehicle Make

Vehicle Model

Model Year

Battery Size (kWh)

Pack Manufacturer

Hybrid Type

Infiniti

2014-2018

1.4

AESC

Full

Infiniti

QX60 Hybrid AWD

2014-2017

0.7

Hitachi

Mild

Jeep

Wrangler 4WD

2018-2021

0.4

LG Chem

Mild

Kia

Niro

2017-2020

1.6

LG Chem

Full

Kia

Optima Hybrid

2011-2016

1.4

LG Chem

Full

Kia

Optima Hybrid

2017-2021

1.6

LG Chem

Full

Kia

Sorento Hybrid

2021

1.5

LG Chem

Full

Land Rover

Defender

2020-2021

0.2

Jaguar Land Rover

Mild

Land Rover

Evoque MHEV

2020

0.2

Jaguar Land Rover

Mild

Land Rover

Range Rover MHEV

2019-2021

0.2

Jaguar Land Rover

Mild

Lexus

ES 300h

2021

1.0

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Lexus

LC 500h

2018-2021

1.1

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Lincoln

MKZ Hybrid

2014-2020

1.4

Panasonic

Full

Mercedes-Benz

AMG CLS53 4matic Plus

2019-2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

AMG E53 4matic Plus

2019-2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

AMG GLE53 4matic Plus

2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

AMG GLS63 4matic Plus

2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

AMG GT 43 4matic Plus

2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

AMG GT 53 4matic Plus

2019-2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

CLS450

2019-2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

E400 Hybrid

2013-2015

0.8

Johnson Controls

Full

Mercedes-Benz

E450

2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

GLE450 4matic

2020-2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

GLE580 4matic

2020-2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

GLS600 4matic

2021

0.9

Accumotive

Mild

Mercedes-Benz

S400 Hybrid

2010-2013

0.8

Johnson Controls

+ Saft ABS

Mild

TABLE B-3 (Cont.)

Vehicle Make

Vehicle Model

Model Year

Battery Size (kWh)

Pack Manufacturer

Hybrid Type

Nissan

Murano Hybrid

2016

0.7

Hitachi

Mild

Nissan

Pathfinder Hybrid 2WD

2014-2015

0.7

Hitachi

Mild

Nissan

Rogue Hybrid

2017-2019

0.7

Hitachi

Full

Ram

1500

2019-2021

0.4

LG Chem

Mild

Toyota

Avalon Hybrid

2021

1.0

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Toyota

Camry Hybrid

2018-2021

1.0

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Toyota

Corolla Hybrid

2021

0.7

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Toyota

Prius

2017-2021

0.7

Toyota/Panasonic

Full

Toyota

RAV4 Hybrid

2021

0.9

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Toyota

Sienna

2021

1.9

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Toyota

Venza

2021

0.9

Primearth EV Energy

Full

Volkswagen

Jetta

2013-2016

1.1

Sanyo

Full

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