5
prior statement that is inconsistent with
the witness’s testimony, where the prior
inconsistent statement “was given under
penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or
other proceeding or in a deposition.”
IRE 801(d)(1)(A)(i) also allows substan-
tive admissibility of such statements, but
only in criminal cases. e rule does not
allow substantive admissibility of such
inconsistent statements in civil cases.
IRE 801(d)(1)(A)(ii) expands its federal
counterpart—in criminal cases, not civil
cases—by allowing the substantive admis-
sibility of a witness’s prior statement that is
inconsistent with the witness’s testimony
at the trial or hearing and “narrates, de-
scribes, or explains an event or condition
of which the declarant [who also is the
witness] had personal knowledge, and:
(a.) the statement is proved to have been
written or signed by the declarant; or
(b.) the declarant acknowledged under
oath the making of the statement either in
the declarant’s testimony at the hearing or
trial in which the admission into evidence
of the prior statement is being sought or at
a trial, hearing, or other proceeding, or in
a deposition; or
(c.) the statement is proved to have been
recorded by a tape recorder, videotape
recording, or any other similar electronic
means of sound recording.
FRE 801(d)(1)(B) allows, in both civil and
criminal cases, substantive admissibility,
as “not hearsay,” of a witness’s prior state-
ment that is consistent with the witness’s
testimony and the statement is oered:
(i) to rebut an express or implied charge
that the declarant recently fabricated it or
acted from a recent improper inuence or
motive in so testifying; or
(ii) to rehabilitate the declarant’s credibility
as a witness when attacked on another
ground.
IRE 613(c), as indicated supra, is a response
to FRE 801(d)(1)(B)(i). Illinois has not
adopted either FRE 801(d)(1)(B)(i) or (ii).
us, in Illinois prior consistent statements
of a witness are hearsay and are not subject
to a hearsay exception or exclusion. IRE
613(c)—the counterpart to FRE 801(d)(1)
determine whether the inadmissible facts
or data should be disclosed to the jury.
Because that federal balancing test has not
been adopted, the appropriate balancing
test for admission in Illinois is IRE 403,
which prohibits disclosure to the jury only
if the probative value of the facts or data
in helping the jury evaluate the opinion is
substantially outweighed by their unfair
prejudicial eect.
Expert testimony: defendant’s
mental state
FRE 704, which allows admissibility of
lay and expert opinions on an ultimate
issue, adds a subdivision, FRE 704(b),
to create an exception that makes
inadmissible in a criminal case an expert
witness’s opinion “about whether the
defendant did or did not have a mental
state or condition that constitutes an
element of the crime charged or of a
defense.”
IRE 704 is identical to its federal coun-
terpart, but it has no 704(b) exception. Illi-
nois common law allows an expert witness
to testify to the mental state or condition
of a criminal defendant.
Court-appointed expert
witnesses
FRE 706 provides information about
the appointment of expert witnesses,
including the appointment process, the
expert’s role, the expert’s compensation,
the court’s authorizing disclosure to the
jury that the court appointed the expert,
and that the rule does not limit the party
in calling its own expert.
Illinois has not adopted the federal
rule, nor has it codied any evidence rule
on the subject. An Illinois Supreme Court
rule, such as Rule 215(d) concerning the
appointment of an impartial medical
examiner, and Illinois statutes provide
for the appointment of experts in various
circumstances.
Substantive admissibility: prior
statements
FRE 801(d)(1)(A) provides, in both civil
and criminal cases, substantive admis-
sibility as “not hearsay” of a witness’s
counterpart are addressed infra in the
discussion that leads with the federal rule.
Gatekeeping expert testimony
FRE 702 incorporates what is referred
to as the Daubert test.
7
It makes the trial
court the gatekeeper for the admission of
scientic expert witness testimony (later
expanded to all expert witness testimo-
ny
8
), based on the criteria it provides in
FRE 702(a), (b), (c), and (d).
IRE 702 adopts the general principles
of the rst paragraph of FRE 702 and FRE
702(a) concerning the qualications for
a witness to provide expert opinion testi-
mony, but it does not adopt the remainder
of the federal rule (FRE 702(b), (c), and
(d)), thus denying gatekeeper status to the
trial court. And it specically requires, in
the rule and in its accompanying com-
mittee comment, application of the Frye
test,
9
which provides that where an expert
witness testies to an opinion based on a
new or novel scientic methodology or
principle, the proponent of the opinion
is required to show that “the methodol-
ogy or scientic principle on which the
opinion is based is suciently established
to have gained general acceptance in the
particular eld in which it belongs.” Ex-
cept for its adoption of the rst paragraph
of FRE 702 and FRE 702(a), the Illinois
rule provides no guidance for admission
of expert testimony other than that for a
new or novel scientic methodology or
principle.
Expert testimony: facts & data
FRE 703 allows facts or data, which
would otherwise be inadmissible as
evidence but are reasonably relied upon
by an expert witness in forming an
opinion, to be disclosed to the jury “only
if their probative value in helping the
jury evaluate the opinion substantially
outweighs their prejudicial eect.”
IRE 703 also allows otherwise inad-
missible facts or data reasonably relied
upon by an expert witness in forming an
opinion to be disclosed to the jury, but it
does not use the balancing test provided
by the federal rule in the quote above to
__________
7. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 509 U.S. 379 (1993).
8. Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137
(1999).
9. Frye v. U.S., 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).