Research Paper
The International Journal of Indian Psychology
ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p)
Volume 6, Issue 2, DIP: 18.01.059/20180602
DOI: 10.25215/0602.059
http://www.ijip.in | April - June, 2018
2018 © Shyny, T Y, Velayudhan, A; licensee IJIP. This is an Open Access Research distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any Medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems,
Interpersonal Behavioural problems & Behavioural Addictions
Shyny, T. Y
1
*, Dr. A.Velayudhan
2
ABSTRACT
Current research was an effort to investigate behavioural problems of adolescents
associated with their parent's parenting styles. A stratified sample of 600 Parents & 600
adolescents from public and private schools of Thrissur, Kerala, were selected to participate
in this study. APAFFQ is specially constructed and standardized by pilot study on 64
adolescents to measure parenting attitude of adolescents. Self constructed Standardized ABP
T/P RS (Adolescent Behaviour Problem Teacher Parent Rating Scale) which use to measure
Adolescent Behaviour Problem is also standardized by pilot study on 64 parents.
Keywords: Personal, Interpersonal, Behaviour Problems, Behavioural Addiction,
Authoritarian, Power Exerting, Disciplinarians, Authoritative, Warm Giving, Protectors,
Permissive, Lenient, Freedom Givers, Uninvolved, Selfish, Autonomy Givers.
There have been significant increases in risk taking behaviours of adolescents. This research
has begun to take a closer look at risk factors of adolescence due to the rates of substance
abuse, depression, suicide and other problem behaviours that affect this age group. It is
necessary that the fields of psychology, education, and counselling continue to research and
implement new information in prevention and intervention with adolescents and their
environments. Research has indicated that parents’ relationship with their adolescents can
impact their behaviours. This study demonstrate the increase of conduct problems in
adolescence and the need for assessment tools that can measure areas of the parent-adolescent
relationship Conners parent rating scale and teachers rating scale is meant to measure only
personal and interpersonal behavioural problems of children not really helpful to identify
adolescent behavioural addictions. So there is a need for constructing new rating scale both
for teachers and parents.ABP Teacher/ Parent Rating Scale is specially constructed o measure
behavioural addiction, personal and inter personal behavioural problems of adolescents
simultaneously. Various studies have been performed indicating that one of the most
1
(Research scholar, Dept. of Psychology, Bharathiar University – Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu State, India)
2
(Professor & Head of the department of Psychology, Bharathiar University Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu State,
India)
*Responding Author
Received: March 15, 2018; Revision Received: May 6, 2018; Accepted: June 15, 2018
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 163
effective factors on the development and formation of adolescent's personality is their
parent's parenting practices. It is well established that authoritative parenting fosters
adolescents’ positive well-being .Adolescents with authoritative parents are less likely to
externalizing behaviours & engage in drug use than individuals with uninvolved parents. This
questionnaire and rating scale help parents, teachers, counsellors and psychologists to find
out real causes behind the adolescent behavioural problems, personality problems, poor
academic achievements etc. Four Parenting styles according to role & nature defined here
are Authoritarian or power exerting disciplinarians, Authoritative or Warm giving protectors,
Permissive or Lenient freedom givers, Uninvolved or Selfish autonomy givers based on
Nature & Role of parents, were assessed through self constructed standardized APAFFQ on
600 adolescents. Behavioural problems of adolescents were screened with the ABP Teacher
/Parent Rating Scales which is distributed among 600 Parents. Findings revealed that
authoritative and permissive upbringing adolescents were established as most optimum style
with least problem behaviours while authoritarian and uninvolved parenting was associated
with major problem behaviours.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Baumrind (1991) identified Parenting Styles in Family Systems offer various amounts of
responsiveness and demandingness to children. As per the study of Awong, Grusec &
Sorenson, 2008; Baumrind, 1991; Darling, 1999; Baharudin & Kordi, 2010; Hamon &
Schrodt, 2012; Buboltz, GriffithRoss, Marsiglia & Walczyk, 2007; Moore, 1992
Authoritarian parenting includes strict parental demand, with very minimal to no parental
support, or warmth. These parents often use coercion or force, in order to create submissive
children, as the parent’s goal is to create prompt obedience from their children. The study of
Darling (1999) and Hamon & Schrodt (2012) showed effects of Ineffective Parenting Styles
on Children Both of the ineffective parenting styles impact children differently. Similarly,
researchers like Moore & Carrano(2006); Luyckx & Andrews(2011) controlled for several
mother-related variables and found that having an authoritative father was associated with
positive outcomes among adolescents Research of Roche & Cherlin (2007),Barnes G.M;
&Reifman A.S (2000) suggests that behavioural control can protect against problem
behaviours. For example, higher levels of parental behavioural control is directly associated
with less problem drinking in young adulthood among males ,less adolescent truancy, less
alcohol and marijuana use, and less frequent engagement in early sexual intercourse.
Researchers like Stanton B & Barber B.K (2002&2005) define parental monitoring as
parental behaviours that regulate and provide awareness of their offspring whereabouts,
conduct, and companions.
Tools
1. Self constructed Standardized ABP T/P RS (Adolescent Behaviour Problem Teacher
Parent Rating Scale)
2. Self constructed Standardized APA FFQ (Adolescent Parenting Attitude Four Factor
Questionnaire)
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 164
Research Hypotheses
H1: There will be consistent Behaviour problem & parenting styles across ages as reported
by Parent & adolescents with age group twelve, fifteen & eighteen.
H
2
: There will be relatively high positive correlation between Personal and Inter personal
behaviour problems of ABP & CONNER'S Parent Rating Scale, authoritarian,
authoritative and permissive parenting styles of APA-FFQ and PAQ
H
3
: The Item analysis of Reliability Coefficient will be greater than.90 for the ABP P/T
RS as well as APA-FFQ
H
4
There is a positive correlation between ABP-Parent P, IP & BP and ABP - Teacher P,
IP & BP.
RESULT
Table-1 RELIABILITY OF ABP T/P RS AND CPRS
Reliability-
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
ABP
0.979
23
CPRS 0.980 27
Internal consistency is estimated by using Cronbach’s alpha. An alpha value of 0.70 or above
is considered to be criterion for demonstrating strong internal consistency, alpha value of
0.60 or above is considered to be significant. Here reliability is .98 for the ABP T/P R S as
well as CPRS. So we can say this newly constructed ABP T/P RS has very strong internal
consistency.
Table-2, CORRELATION TOTAL BETWEEN TWO RATING SCALES AS TOTAL, AGE
AND SUBTYPE
Correlation Total
Correlation
Upper bound
Z
p
ABP-CPRS
0.956
0.963
25.659
<0.001
Age- 12
ABP-CPRS
0.960 0.949 0.971 15.333 <0.001
Age- 15
ABP-CPRS
0.932 0.913 0.951 11.499 <0.001
AGE-18
ABP-CPRS
0.983 0.978 0.988 22.715 <0.001
Personal- CPRS
And Personal-
ABP
0.857* 0.835 0.879 13.095 <0.001
Interpersonal-
CPRS and
Interpersonal-
ABP
0.858* 0.836 0.880 13.153 <0.001
Pearson Correlation is used to identify the relationship between old and new questionnaires
and the result is exhibited in. A positive correlation exist for the variables Personal and
Interpersonal for new and old scales as in these case the correlation coefficient has value
greater than 0.5 and p value less than 0.05.
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 165
Table-3 ABP T/P RS Item analysis and Validity
Variables Group N Mean
Std.
Deviation
t p value
Q_1
Low 16 0.00 0.00
-23.000 <0.001
High 16 2.88 0.50
Q_2
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High 16 3.00 0.00
Q_3
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-16.959 <0.001
High 16 2.63 0.62
Q_4
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High
16
3.00
0.00
Q_5
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-16.959 <0.001
High 16 2.63 0.62
Q_6
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High
16
3.00
0.00
Q_7
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-20.684 <0.001
High 16 2.81 0.54
Q_8
Low 16 0.00 0.00
-15.811 <0.001
High 16 2.50 0.63
Q_9
Low
16
0.00
0.00
High 16 3.00 0.00
Q_10
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High 16 3.00 0.00
Q_11
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-19.053 <0.001
High 16 2.75 0.58
Q_12
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High
16
3.00
0.00
Q_13
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-19.053 <0.001
High 16 2.75 0.58
Q_14
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High
16
3.00
0.00
Q_15
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-19.053 <0.001
High 16 2.75 0.58
Q_16
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High
16
3.00
0.00
Q_17
Low
16
0.50
0.82
-12.247 <0.001
High 16 3.00 0.00
Q_18
Low 16 0.00 0.00
-47.000 <0.001
High 16 2.94 0.25
Q_19
Low
16
0.56
0.81
-11.979 <0.001
High 16 3.00 0.00
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 166
Variables Group N Mean
Std.
Deviation
t p value
Q_20
Low 16 0.00 0.00
High
16
3.00
0.00
Q_21
Low
16
0.00
0.00
-17.855 <0.001
High 16 2.69 0.60
Q_22
Low 16 0.00 0.00
-33.669 <0.001
High
16
2.88
0.34
Q_23
Low
16
0.00
0.00
High 16 3.00 0.00
Table 5 result revealed there is a strong validity for each items. P value is less than .05 ie;
correlation is Significant at .001 level. So we can include all items in this questionnaire.
Table-4 Reliability of APAFFQ AND PAQ
Here reliability is .98 for the APAFFQ as well as PAQ. So we can say this newly constructed
APAFFQ has very strong internal consistency.
Table-5 CORRELATION TOTAL BETWEEN TWO RATING SCALES AS TOTAL, AGE
AND SUBTYPE
Correlation Total
Correlation
Lower bound
Upper bound
Z
p
PAQ-APAFFQ 0.956 0.949 0.963 25.659 <0.001
Age- 12 Correlation Lower bound Upper bound Z p
PAQ-APAFFQ 0.960 0.949 0.971 15.333 <0.001
Age- 15 Correlation Lower bound Upper bound Z p
PAQ-APAFFQ 0.932 0.913 0.951 11.499 <0.001
AGE-18 Correlation Lower bound Upper bound Z p
PAQ-APAFFQ 0.983 0.978 0.988 22.715 <0.001
PAQ and APAFFQ total data
Correlation
coefficient
Lower bound Upper bound Z p
Authoritarian PAQ and
APAFFQ
0.857* 0.835 0.879 13.095 <0.001
Authoritative PAQ and
APAFFQ
0.858* 0.836 0.880 13.153 <0.001
permissive PAQ and
APAFFQ
0.857* 0.835 0.879 13.095 <0.001
Pearson Correlation is used to identify the relationship between old and new questionnaires
and the result is exhibited in. A positive correlation exist for the variables for new and old
scales as in these case the correlation coefficient has value greater than 0.5 and p value less
than 0.05.So we can conclude that correlation is significant.
Reliability-
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
APA FFQ
0.979
40
PAQ 0.980 30
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 167
Table-6 Item analysis & Validity of PAQ& APAFFQ
Variables Group N Mean Std. Deviation z p value
APA1
Low
19
1.00
0.00
-33.764 <0.001
High 13 4.69 0.48
APA2
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-7.795 <0.001
High 16 3.56 1.31
APA3
Low
16
1.00
0.00
High 16 5.00 0.00
APA4
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-9.638 <0.001
High
16
3.81
1.17
APA5
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-31.629 <0.001
High 16 4.19 0.40
APA6
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-7.720 <0.001
High
16
3.63
1.36
APA7
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-27.111 <0.001
High 16 4.50 0.52
APA8
Low 16 3.31 1.89
4.727 <0.001
High
16
1.06
0.25
APA9
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-33.541 <0.001
High 16 4.75 0.45
APA10
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-8.062 <0.001
High 16 3.44 1.21
APA11
Low
16
1.00
0.00
High 16 5.00 0.00
APA12
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-8.521 <0.001
High 16 3.75 1.29
APA13
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-33.541 <0.001
High 16 4.75 0.45
APA14
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-7.674 <0.001
High
16
3.69
1.40
APA15
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-45.379 <0.001
High 16 4.88 0.34
APA16
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-9.502 <0.001
High
16
3.94
1.24
APA17
Low
16
1.00
0.00
High 16 5.00 0.00
APA18
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-7.720 <0.001
High 16 3.63 1.36
APA19
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-37.831 <0.001
High 16 4.81 0.40
APA20 Low 16 1.00 0.00 -9.550 <0.001
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 168
Variables Group N Mean Std. Deviation z p value
High 16 3.88 1.20
APA21
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-27.813 <0.001
High 16 4.56 0.51
APA22
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-10.902 <0.001
High 16 4.06 1.12
APA23
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-29.000 <0.001
High 16 4.63 0.50
APA24
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-9.501 <0.001
High 16 4.06 1.29
APA25
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-37.831 <0.001
High 16 4.81 0.40
APA26
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-11.223 <0.001
High 16 3.88 1.02
APA27
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-29.000 <0.001
High 16 4.63 0.50
APA28
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-7.004 <0.001
High 16 3.75 1.57
APA29
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-37.831 <0.001
High 16 4.81 0.40
APA30
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-10.987 <0.001
High 16 4.25 1.18
APA31
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-33.541 <0.001
High 16 4.75 0.45
APA32
Low
16
1.00
0.00
High 16 4.25 1.34
APA33
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-9.690 <0.001
High 16 5.00 0.00
APA34
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-10.923 <0.001
High 16 4.19 1.17
APA35
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-33.541 <0.001
High 16 4.75 0.45
APA36
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-10.369 <0.001
High 16 4.06 1.18
APA37
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-27.111 <0.001
High 16 4.50 0.52
APA38
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-10.923 <0.001
High 16 4.19 1.17
APA39
Low 16 1.00 0.00
-29.000 <0.001
High 16 4.63 0.50
APA40
Low
16
1.00
0.00
-9.502
<0.001
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 169
The result shows that each items has high internal consistency, Item discriminative power &
validity so can include all items in this questionnaire.
Table-7Means, Standard deviation and Mann-Whitney U value for Gender
Table 7 illustrates that the p value are above the required cut-off of .05 for all the variables.
Therefore, there were no significant differences (p>.05) in the mean value of the ABP sub
variables & Gender .Males are with slightly highest in behaviour addiction problems than
females.
Table-8 Means, Standard deviation and Mann-Whitney U value for Area
Table 8 illustrates that the p value are above the required cut-off of .05 for all the variables.
Therefore, there were no significant differences (p>.05) in the mean value of the ABP sub
variables with urban and rural. However Urban adolescent show slightly higher score in
behavioural addiction.
Table 9 Means, Standard deviation and Kruskal-Wallis H value for age group
Variable Age N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Kruskal-
Wallis
Chi
df p value
ABP-P
AGE-12
204
3.00
3.77
0.394 2 0.821
AGE-15
206
2.79
3.59
AGE-18
190
2.61
3.50
ABP-BA
AGE-12
204
5.57
8.20
0.292 2 0.864
AGE-15
206
5.02
5.81
Variable Gender N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Mann-
Whitney
U
z p value
ABP-P
Male
300
2.93
3.85
11218.00 -0.046 0.963
Female
300
2.69
3.37
ABP-BA
Male
300
649
9.26
10951.50 -0.430 0.667
Female
300
5.37
7.85
ABP-IP
Male
300
4.89
5.12
10901.50 -505.000 0.614
Female
300
4.7333
4.57
Variable Area N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Mann-
Whitney
U
z p value
ABP-P
URBAN
288
2.72
3.65
10838.00 -0.569 0.570
RURAL
312
2.88
3.60
ABP-BA
URBAN
288
6.10
8.70
11108.50 -0.178 0.859
RURAL
312
3.76
6.50
ABP-IP
URBAN
288
4.70
4.90
10847.00 -0.558 0.577
RURAL
312
4.91
4.80
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 170
Variable Age N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Kruskal-
Wallis
Chi
df p value
AGE-18
190
7.18
9.79
ABP-IP
AGE-12
204
5.10
4.03
0.289 2 0.825
AGE-15
206
4.76
4.86
AGE-18
190
4.56
4.66
The results of the Kruskal- Wallis test depicted in Table 9reveals that a statistical value of p
>0.05 for all the variables considered. So we conclude that the mean score of ABP sub
variables does not differs with age.
Table 10 Means, Standard deviation and Kruskal-Wallis H value for Parenting style
Variable
Parenting
Style
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Kruskal-
Wallis
Chi
df
p
value
ABP-P
Authoritarian
38
29.80
2.02
285.125 3 <0.001
Authoritative
316
1.00
0.00
Uninvolved
32
25.80
1.85
Permissive
214
2.00
0.04
ABP-BA
Authoritarian
38
55.50
4.22
279.724 3 <0.001
Authoritative
316
1.00
0.00
Uninvolved
32
30.82
2.03
Permissive
214
3.00
0.05
ABP-IP
Authoritarian
38
29.80
2.02
285.125 3 <0.001
Authoritative
316
1.00
0.00
Uninvolved
32
25.80
1.85
Permissive
214
2.00
0.08
The results of the Kruskal- Wallis test depicted in Table 10 reveals that a statistical value of
p < 0.05 for all the variables considered. So we conclude that the mean score of ABP sub
variables differs with parenting style.
Table-11 Correlation between ABP on Parents & ABP on Teachers of problematic
adolescents
Variables
Correlation
Lower
bound
Upper
bound
Z p
Parent ABP P & TEACHERS
ABP P
0.876 0.867 0.885 31.353 <0.001
Parent ABP BA & TEACHERS
ABP BA
0.865 0.855 0.875 29.759 <0.001
Parent ABP IP & TEACHERS
ABP IP
0.866 0.856 0.876 29.896 <0.001
Parent ABP T & TEACHERS
ABP T
0.871 0.862 0.880 30.605 <0.001
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 171
Table-11 Correlation between ABP on Parents & ABP on Teachers of problematic
adolescents.
Table-12 Non parametric Correlations ABP P& ABP T
parent
ABP
P
parent
ABP
BA
parent
ABP IP
parent
ABP T
Teacher
ABP P
Teacher
ABP
BA
Teacher
ABP IP
Teacher
ABP T
Spearman's
rho
parent
ABP P
Correlation
Coefficient
1.000
.866
**
.991
**
.982
**
.876
**
.742
**
.873
**
.861
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
parent
ABP BA
Correlation
Coefficient
.866
**
1.000
.858
**
.869
**
.740
**
.865
**
.757
**
.751
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
parent
ABP IP
Correlation
Coefficient
.991
**
.858
**
1.000
.991
**
.884
**
.739
**
.866
**
.866
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
parent
ABP T
Correlation
Coefficient
.982
**
.869
**
.991
**
1.000
.867
**
.747
**
.866
**
.871
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
Teacher
ABP P
Correlation
Coefficient
.876
**
.740
**
.884
**
.867
**
1.000
.784
**
.871
**
.925
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
Teacher
ABP BA
Correlation
Coefficient
.742
**
.865
**
.739
**
.747
**
.784
**
1.000
.746
**
.855
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
Teacher
ABP IP
Correlation
Coefficient
.873
**
.757
**
.866
**
.866
**
.871
**
.746
**
1.000
.924
**
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
Teacher
ABP T
Correlation
Coefficient
.861
**
.751
**
.866
**
.871
**
.925
**
.855
**
.924
**
1.000
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 172
Graph- 1 Correlation between Parenting styles & Behaviour problem
Graph -1shows. Graph shows that the correlation between Parenting styles & Behaviour
problem there are 69 problematic adolescents out of 600. problematic adolescents are again
distributed on teachers with ABP T/P RS. Analysis shows that out of 69 problematic
adolescents 34 are of Authoritarian (A1), 31 are of Uninvolved (u) &4 are of Permissive (P)
parents. No problem behaviour is reported in Adolescents of Authoritarian Parent.
DISCUSSION
The objective of this study is to design and construct new measures Adolescent Behaviour
Problem Teacher/Parent rating scale (ABP T/P RS), Adolescent Parenting Attitude
Questionnaire (APAFFQ) and apply these tools on 600 parents as well as adolescents to find
out the correlation between parenting styles and behaviour problems of adolescents . ABP is
constructed to measure personal, interpersonal and behavioural addiction. Item analysis,
reliability and validity were found to be adequate with these participants. With the help of
APAFFQ instrument, found that authoritarian parents are more power asserting
disciplinarians, authoritative parents are more warm giving protectors, permissive parents are
more lenient freedom givers and uninvolved parents are more selfish autonomy givers.
APAFFQ shows high correlation with PAQ sub types.
CONCLUSION
The magnitude of influence that parenting styles and behaviours exert on adolescent risk and
protection indicates a clear need for more research-based, family- centred interventions to
improve adolescent health outcomes. This research is more helpful for better understanding
to parents to reduce their adolescent health risk behaviours.
Series 1
Column2
Column1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Series 1
Column2
Column1
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 173
REFERENCES
Abikoff, H., & Gittelman, R. (1985a). Hyperactive children treated with stimulants: Is
cognitive training a useful adjunct? Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 953-961.
Adalbjarnardottir S, Hafsteinsson LG. Adolescents' perceived parenting styles and their
substance use: Concurrent and longitudinal analyses. J Res Adolesc. 2001; 11(4):401-
Adams, G., Ryan, B., Ketsetzis, M., & Keating, L. (2000). Rule compliance and peer
sociability: A study of family process, school-focused parent-child interactions, and
children's classroom behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 237-250.
doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.2.237
Alizadeh, H., & Andries, C. (2002). Interaction of parenting styles and attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder in Iranian parents. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 24, 37-
52. doi:10.1300/J019v24n03_03
Araujo, P., Lagos, S. (2013). Self-Esteem, education, and wages revisited. Journal of
Economic Psychology, 34, 120–132.
Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior.
Child Development, 76, 1144-1159. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 8624.2005.00841.x
Awong, T., Grusec, J. E., & Sorenson, A. (2008). Respect-based control and anger as
determinants of children's socio-emotional development. Social Development, 17(4),
941-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00460.x
Baumrind D. Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Gen
Psychol Monogr. 1967; 75(43-48).
Baumrind D. Current patterns of parental authority. Develop Psychol 1971;4:1-103.
Baumrind D. Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth Soc.
1978;9(239-276).
Baumrind D. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. J
Early Adolesc. 1991; 11(1):56-95.
Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3, 255-
272.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology
Monographs, 4(No.1, Pt.2).
Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child development
today and tomorrow. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and
substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95.
Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (in press). Effects of preschool parents'
power assertive patterns and practices on adolescent development. Parenting: Science
and Practice
Behar, L. (1977). The Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 5, 265-275. doi:10.1007/BF00913697
Bingham, G.E. (2007). Maternal literacy beliefs and the quality of mother-child bookreading
interactions: Associations with children's early literacy development. Early Education
and Development, 18, 23-49.
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 174
Brown, R. T. (1985). The validity of teacher ratings in differentiating between two subgroups
of attention deficit disordered children with or without hyperactivity. Educational and
Psychological Measurement, 45, 661-669.
Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social
Assessment, 57(1), 110-119. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752 jpa5701_13
Camp, B. W., & Zimet, S. G. (1974). The relationship of teacher rating scales to behaviour
observations and reading achievement of first-grade children. Journal of Special
Education, 8,353-359.
Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioural and life sciences.
New York: Plenum Press.
Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55, 584-594.
Conners, C. K. (1989). Manual for Conner's Rating Scales. N. Tonawanda,NY: Multi-Health
Systems.
Conners, C. K. (1994). The Conners Rating Scales: Use in clinical assessment, treatment
planning and research. In M. Maruish(Ed.), Use of psychological testing for treatment
planning and out come assessment (pp. 550-578). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Costa PT, Jr, McCrae RR. The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL:
Psychological Assessment Resources; 1985.
Costa PT, McCrae RR. Age changes in personality and their origins: Comment on Roberts,
Walton, and Viechtbauer (2006) Psychological Bulletin. 2006;132:26–28.
Costa PT, McCrae RR. Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO
Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment. 1992;4:5–13.
Darling N, Steinberg L. Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological
Bulletin. 1993;113:487–496.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.
Grigorenko EL, Sternberg RJ. Elucidating the ethiology and nature of beliefs about parenting
styles. Develop Sci. 2000; 3(1):93-112.
Maccoby, E. (1992). The role of parents in socialization of children: An historical overview.
Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006-1017.
Maccoby, E. E., Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child
interaction. In Handbook of child psychology, New York. Wiley.
McClun, L. A., & Merrell, K. W. (1998). Relationship of perceived parenting styles, locus of
control orientation, and self-concept among junior high age students . Psychology in
the Schools, 35(4), 381-390.
Moore, S. (1992). The role or parents in the development of peer group competence. ERIC
Digest.
Potter, J., Gosling, S. D. & Trezesniewski, K. (2001). Personality Correlates of self esteem.
Journal of Research in Personality. doi: 10. 1006/ jrpe. 2001-2324.
Pulkkinen, L. (1982). Self-control and continuity from childhood to adolescence. In Life-span
development and behavior, 4, 63-105.
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 175
Robinson, C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S., & Hart, C. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological
Reports, 77(3, Pt 1), 819-830.
Ross, C. E., & Broh, B. A. (2000). The roles of Self-Esteem and the sense of personal control
in the academic achievement process. Sociology of Education, 73(4), 270–284.
Schaefer, E. S. (1965). A configurational analysis of children's reports or parent behavior.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 552-557. doi:10.1037/h0022702
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., M. Sanford, Dornbusch. (1994).
Over-Time Changes in Adjustment and Competence among Adolescents from
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families. Child Development,
65(3), 754–770. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467- 8624.1994.tb00781.x
APA-FFQ
(Adolescent Parenting Attitude Four Factor Questionnaire)
By
Shyny T. Y
Research scholar in Psychology
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
Instructions: Read the following statements carefully and indicate your single response by putting a “tick” mark in the
appropriate box
Sl
No
Statements
All
of
the
time
Most
of
the
time
Some
time
Rarely Never
1
My parents like to set up and enforce many inappropriate rules on me without
understanding my strength and weakness
2
My parents respect my opinions and also encourage me to express all my feelings
and problems like my friends.
3
Though my parents have definite goals and planning for my future, they are not
able to follow it strictly because of their leniency.
4 My parents do not tell me where they are going or why they are coming too late.
5 My parents give me punishments according to their mood.
6 My parents provide me comfort and understanding when I am upset.
7
Since my parents are very loving and affectionate I know they will forgive me
even if I do not come to their expectations.
8 My parents ignore me when I am misbehaving.
9 My parents are disciplinarians rather than friends.
Name of Child: ..................................................................... Age: ...............................
S M/F
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 176
Sl
No
Statements
All
of
the
time
Most
of
the
time
Some
time
Rarely Never
10
My parents take into consideration my wishes before they make plans for my
future or buy something for me.
11
My parents are scared to scold me because they have a fear that I will disappoint
them by committing any serious mistakes.
12 My parents find less time to look into my needs, interest and progress in studies.
13
I get no chance and freedom to explaining my wishes and needs in front of my
parents.
14 My parents, compliment me when I have done something well.
15
Even though my parents have high expectations from me they have little patience
and time to hearing me.
16 I feel my parents are least concerned about me and my future.
17
I am usually bound to receive punishments from my parents with no justification
if any failure occurs from my side.
18
I am usually very proud of my parents who spent their warm and intimate time
together with me.
19
Because of my parents lenient attitude I have no self discipline in my daily
activities.
20 Even if I fall sick, my parents find it difficult to take leave and look after me.
21 My parents never seek my opinion before purchasing anything for me.
22
My parents set up some appropriate rules for me regarding my study, play and
other activities and are very keen to enforce it.
23
A conflict situation will not occur between me and my parents because they will
always try to avoid such a situation.
24
My parents have no idea regarding my friends and teachers or my life outside the
home.
25
Whenever I show disobedience towards my parents they scold and criticise me
with bursting anger or taking away some privileges from me with no
explanations.
26
Whenever I fail to follow the timetable given to me, my parents remind me the
consequences with a touch of love and affection.
27 I used to get expensive gifts from my parents as rewards to any of my progress.
28
I am always sad and depressed because of lack of love and care I receive from my
parents.
29
As my parents have very rough & explosive behaviour I have a feeling that they
do not know to express love and affection towards me.
30
In the middle of their busy life, my parents always find time to visit my teachers
at school and know about my welfare.
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 177
Sl
No
Statements
All
of
the
time
Most
of
the
time
Some
time
Rarely Never
31 My parents threaten to punish me but do not actually doing it.
32 I am highly scared and shy to interact with others in social gatherings.
33
I am usually trying to hide all my failure and mistakes in the fear of threats and
punishments which I will receive from my parents.
34
My parents are not over ambitious and I feel their expectations on me are quite
reasonable and also I try to fulfil it.
35
Others blaming my parents by saying that they are spoiling me by showing
excessive love of sympathy.
36
I have never received an emotional support or positive feedback from my parents
and so I am not an ambitious student.
37
I am rebellious and usually quarrelling with my friends as well as teachers and
also creating many other problems.
38 All my good values in life are as a result of proper socialization from my parents.
39
I know that my parents have always struggling to discipline me because of broad
concession and consideration I have receiving from them.
40 My parents grant me high autonomy with no disciplinary rules.
APA-FFQ (Parenting Attitude Four Factor Questionnaire)
Answer Sheet
Score
5
4
3
2
1
Score
5
4
3
2
1
Score
5
4
3
2
1
Score
5
4
3
2
1
Q
All of the
time
Most of the
time
Some
time
Rarely
Never
Q
All of the
time
Most of the
time
Some
time
Rarely
Never
Q
All of the
time
Most of the
time
Some
time
Rarely
Never
Q
All of the
time
Most of the
time
Some
time
Rarely
Never
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
9
4
0
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 178
A
1
=................................; A
2
=................................; P=....................................; U=..............................
(A
1
=Authoritarian, A
2
=Authoritative, P=Permissive, U=Uninvolved)
Have you responded to all of the statements Yes/No
Have you entered your responses in the correct boxes Yes/No
Have you responded accurately and honestly Yes/No
ABP Teacher/Parent Rating Scale
(Adolescent Behaviour Problem Teacher/Parent Rating Scale)
By
Shyny,T.Y
Research Scholar in Psycholgy
Bharathiar University - Coimbatore
Instructions: Below are a number of problems that adolescent have. Please put “tick” mark against each item
according to your response.
Sl
No
Statements
Not
true
at all
Just a
little
true
Often
true
Very
much
true
1 Easily frustrated.
2 Tobacco Consumption.
3 Defiant with others.
4 Telling lies unnecessarily.
5
Difficulty in completing a work.
6 Internet addiction.
7 Restless and disturbs others.
8 Stealing money or other things.
9
Inattentive and easily distracted.
10 Dirty talk & risky sexual activities.
11 Argues with adults.
12
Alcohol consumption.
13
Short attention span.
14 Suicidal attempts.
15 Climbing into inappropriate situations like others conversations.
16 Drug addiction.
17
Disorganized at school or home & poor academic achievement.
18 Running away from home or school.
19 Does not follow through on instructions of authority.
20
Criminal tendency.
21 Disobedience to authority.
22 Absent in the school without any reason.
23 Depression and isolation from others
Name of Child: ..................................................................... Age: ...............................
Sex: M/F.......................
Name of Student: ................................................................................... Age: ................ Sex: M/F...................
Name of Teacher/Parent: ...................................................................... Age: ................ Sex: M/F...................
Parenting Style on Adolescent Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural
problems & Behavioural Addictions
© The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 179
ABP Teacher/Parent Rating Scale
(Adolescent Behaviour Problem Teacher/Parent Rating Scale)
Answer Sheet
Name of Student: ................................................................................... Age: ................ Sex: M/F
Name of Teacher/Parent: ...................................................................... Age: ................ Sex: M/F
P=.................................... I.P=..................................................; B.A=..............................................
(P=Personal, I.P=Interpersonal, B.A=Behavioural addiction)
Have you responded to all of the statements Yes/No
Have you entered your responses in the correct boxes Yes/No
Have you responded accurately and honestly Yes/No
Acknowledgments
The author appreciates all those who participated in the study and helped to facilitate the
research process.
Conflict of Interests: The author declared no conflict of interests.
How to cite this article: Shyny, T Y, Velayudhan, A (2018). Parenting Style on Adolescent
Personal Behavioural problems, Interpersonal Behavioural problems & Behavioural
Addictions. International Journal of Indian Psychology, Vol. 6, (2), DIP:
18.01.059/20180602, DOI: 10.25215/0602.059
Score 0 1 2 3 Score 0 1 2 3 Score 0 1 2 3
Q
Not
true
at all
Just
a
little
true
Often
true
Very
much
true
Q
Not
true
at all
Just
a
little
true
Often
true
Very
much
true
Q
Not
true
at all
Just
a
little
true
Often
true
Very
much
true
1
3
2
5
7
4
9
11
6
13
15
8
17
19
10
21
12
23 14
16
18
20
22
Name of Student: ................................................................................... Age: ................ Sex: M/F.......................
Name of Teacher/Parent: ...................................................................... Age: ................ Sex: M/F.......................