U:\docs\AR14LA~3.TXT

ORKER

IGHTS

Freedom of Association

China’s laws and practices continue to contravene international

standards on freedom of association. Chinese workers are not free

to form or join trade unions of their own choosing.

The PRC Trade

Union Law largely eliminates workers’ right to freedom of associa-

tion by requiring that all union activity be approved by and orga-

nized under the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU),

an organization under the direction of the Chinese Communist

Party and government.

The ACFTU Constitution and the PRC

Trade Union Law mandate that the ACFTU protect the legitimate

rights and interests of workers while ‘‘preserving the leadership of

the Communist Party’’ and broader interests of the government.

Reportedly 280 million workers, over 36 percent of China’s working

population in 2013, were members of the ACFTU in 6.3 million

unionized enterprises by mid-2013.

As an adjunct of the Party and

government, the ACFTU continues largely to prioritize social sta-

bility in its approach to labor relations,

garnering criticism from

labor activists and workers for failing to protect workers’ rights

and interests.

Changing socio-economic conditions in China have led several

high-level union and government officials to advocate for the need

for union reform. During the ACFTU’s 16th National Congress in

October 2013, ACFTU Chairman Li Jianguo acknowledged that the

ACFTU was failing to meet the challenges of ‘‘a series of new cir-

cumstances and problems’’ brought on by unbalanced development,

stating that it needed to do more to protect the social and economic

rights of workers.

In a speech in April 2013, President Xi Jinping

urged the ACFTU to innovate and ‘‘adjust to social changes’’ to

‘‘comply with the demands of the times.’’

A small number of municipal and lower level trade unions have

made efforts during the Commission’s 2014 reporting year to adopt

a more proactive and engaged role with workers.

In March 2014,

the Shenzhen Municipal Trade Union demanded that IBM rein-

state 20 worker representatives fired during a 10-day strike at an

IBM factory in Shenzhen municipality, Guangdong province.

The

union reportedly sent lawyers to assist the fired workers in obtain-

ing compensation and filing for arbitration after IBM refused to re-

instate them.

At the same time, labor advocates and media re-

ports indicate ACFTU support for workers has remained largely

absent amid continued labor unrest, and in those cases where

unions have taken a more engaged role with workers, those actions

have been mostly reactive and limited to issuing statements of con-

cern and support.

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Civil Society and Labor Non-Governmental Organizations

Labor non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other civil society

actors have emerged in recent years to play a larger role in promoting

and defending workers’ rights. Chinese labor scholars and activists give

varying estimates of between 50 and 60 labor NGOs in China, predomi-

nantly located in the southern and eastern coastal provinces where

there is a high concentration of migrant workers.

Many of these orga-

nizations provide workers with legal and educational services, including

information on labor laws and legal counseling for individual rights vio-

lations.

Amid continued labor activism, some labor NGOs have shifted

to providing direct support to workers during collective labor disputes,

including instruction on collective bargaining.

In a number of cases

during the 2014 reporting year, labor NGOs worked closely with strik-

ing workers to provide advice on collective action and encourage collec-

tive bargaining with employers.

The support of labor NGOs in several

cases was reportedly instrumental in getting workers to avoid conflict

with the authorities and resolve disputes through direct bargaining with

employers.

Many labor NGOs still operate informally, however, as

they often are unable to officially register with the authorities.

Despite

a loosening of NGO registration requirements in China beginning in

2012, labor NGOs have mostly remained unable to register as ‘‘social or-

ganizations,’’ forcing them either to register as business entities or not

In addition, labor NGOs have been subject to harass-

ment by officials for engaging in activities considered sensitive.

April 2014, public security officials in Dongguan municipality,

Guangdong province, detained Zhang Zhiru and Lin Dong, employees at

a Guangdong-based labor rights NGO, amid a large-scale strike at the

Yue Yuen shoe factory in Dongguan.

Zhang and Lin had reportedly

been in close contact with striking workers and had been providing

them with assistance at the time of their detention.

Collective Bargaining

Collective bargaining in China remains limited in both law and

practice. There is no comprehensive national law on collective bar-

gaining, but rather a series of provisions found in the PRC Trade

Union Law, PRC Labor Contract Law, and PRC Labor Law that

provide a legal framework for negotiating collective contracts and

some process of collective consultation between management and

workers.

In addition to national law, a majority of provinces have

also issued provincial-level regulations on negotiating collective

contracts, which in some cases contain provisions prohibiting work-

ers from taking collective action and allowing employers to fire

workers engaged in collective action during the negotiation of a col-

lective contract.

In recent years, the ACFTU and government have promoted the

expansion of collective contracts and the strengthening of collective

negotiation mechanisms as essential means for managing labor re-

lations.

In April 2014, the Ministry of Human Resources and So-

cial Security, in conjunction with other authorities, including the

ACFTU, published a notice calling for the ‘‘expansion of collective

consultations and coverage of collective contracts,’’ setting a goal to

‘‘ensure the rate of signed collective contracts reaches 80 percent by

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the end of 2015.’’

In a development Chinese labor advocates have

described as having the potential to advance labor rights through-

out China, the Guangdong Province People’s Congress began delib-

erations in April 2014 on Draft Regulations on Collective Contracts

and Collective Consultations (Draft Regulations).

The Draft Reg-

ulations, initially proposed by the Guangdong Federation of Trade

Unions, require employers to engage in collective negotiations if

more than one-third of workers demand it and protect the right of

workers to strike if employers fail to respond to their demands

within 30 days.

At the same time, the Draft Regulations also pro-

hibit workers from striking during negotiations and make them

subject to criminal punishment if company operations are dis-

rupted.

The extent to which ACFTU and government initiatives on col-

lective contract and consultation mechanisms expand the space for

greater and more genuine worker representation is unclear. At

present, the collective contract and consultation system remains

weak due in part to ineffective trade union representation.

The

ACFTU and its local constituent unions continue to be subordinate

to the interests of the Party, and central and local authorities, in-

cluding in many cases employers as well, preventing them from

properly representing workers in collective negotiations.

Top-

down requirements from the government and higher level trade

unions have also led enterprises to enter into formalistic contracts

rather than actually engage in genuine bargaining between man-

agement and trade unions.

In many instances, the terms and con-

ditions of collective contracts reflect minimum legal standards in

the locality and reportedly rarely involve actual wage negotiations

or touch on other interests.

Workers who requested or took part in collective negotiations

with their employers independent of the officially recognized union

have faced reprisals including forced resignation, firing, and deten-

tion.

In May 2013, public security officials detained migrant

worker Wu Guijun in Dongguan municipality, Guangdong province,

for participating in a labor protest.

Prior to his detention, Wu

was one of seven independently elected labor representatives cho-

sen to represent workers in collective negotiations with manage-

ment.

Authorities indicted Wu in January 2014 for ‘‘gathering a

crowd to disrupt traffic,’’ and tried him in several court hearings,

before releasing him in May and finally dropping the charges in

June.

In July 2014, authorities awarded Wu over 74,000 yuan

(US$12,000) in compensation for ‘‘wrongful arrest,’’ but refused his

request for additional compensation for ‘‘mental damages’’ suffered

during his detention.

Several Chinese labor experts and lawyers

have called for greater protections for independent labor represent-

atives. In May 2014, several Chinese labor lawyers put forward a

proposal to amend the PRC Trade Union Law to protect workers

who engage in collective negotiations independent of the officially

recognized trade union.

At present, only trade union officials and

workers who participate in official union activities are protected

under the PRC Trade Union Law from management retaliation.

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Worker Actions

During the Commission’s 2014 reporting period, widespread re-

ports of strikes and demonstrations emerged across a variety of in-

dustries and regions in China.

Strikes were often prompted by

labor-related grievances, such as low pay

and the nonpayment of

wages and benefits,

but have also arisen more recently as a re-

sult of slowed economic growth.

Faced with higher labor costs

and a shrinking labor force, many multinational companies and do-

mestic enterprises have sought to restructure their business oper-

ations, relocating and closing down factories.

The Chinese govern-

ment has, in part, encouraged this change in an effort to shift from

investment- to consumption-driven economic growth, endorsing

policies that reduce low-end manufacturing and overcapacity in

other industries.

In many cases, workers are not consulted by

their employers, local ACFTU constituent unions, or local officials

in advance of restructuring plans, leading to conflicts over com-

pensation and remaining contractual obligations.

In other cases,

strikes have emerged in response to cost-cutting measures that

have threatened workers’ wages and benefits.

The reported increase in labor unrest comes amid widespread

economic and demographic shifts that observers contend are

emboldening workers and affording them greater bargaining power

in the workplace.

Chinese and international labor experts indi-

cate workers are increasingly driven by a sense of social and eco-

nomic rights, including ‘‘earning a living wage, creating a safe work

environment and being treated with dignity and respect by the em-

ployer.’’

Growing labor shortages and opportunities in China’s ex-

panding service sector are strengthening workers’ demands for

higher pay and better work conditions and benefits.

Moreover, ex-

perts contend the increased activism of workers reflects a growing

awareness of their rights and a greater confidence in taking collec-

tive action to redress workplace grievances.

The proliferation of

social media and inexpensive smartphones have also made it easier

for workers to mobilize and increase public awareness of strikes.

Chinese authorities have had varied responses to labor protests,

in some cases tolerating strikes that are limited to demands for

wages and benefits.

At the same time, the Commission continued

to observe reports of authorities using force against or detaining

demonstrating workers.

The right to strike is not protected under

Chinese law, leaving workers vulnerable to retaliation by their em-

ployers and criminal prosecution.

In August 2013, security offi-

cials in Guangzhou municipality, Guangdong province, detained 12

security guards after they staged a rooftop demonstration in pro-

test over the refusal of their employer to continue discussion over

grievances related to their employment contracts and social insur-

ance.

Authorities charged the guards with ‘‘gathering a crowd to

disturb social order,’’ tried them in January 2014 at the Baiyun

District People’s Court in Guangzhou, and sentenced nine of them

in April 2014 to various prison terms ranging between eight and

nine months.

Authorities released the majority of the guards the

day of or several days after their sentencing on the basis of time

served, while three other guards were released in May.

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Migrant Workers

Migrant workers—rural residents who have left their place of

residence to seek non-agricultural jobs in the cities—remain largely

marginalized and vulnerable to mistreatment. China’s total mi-

grant population grew by 2.4 percent in 2013 from the previous

year to more than 268 million, close to one-fifth of China’s total

population.

Over 46 percent of these workers were born after

1980 and exhibit different characteristics from previous genera-

tions of migrants, including higher levels of education, a greater

understanding of their rights, and a stronger desire to integrate

into urban society.

Many migrant workers, however, remain un-

able to obtain residency status in the cities where they live and

work due to the continued enforcement of the household registra-

tion system (huji zhidu), effectively barring them from equal access

to public services, including social security and public education.

Faced with the difficulty of accessing public services, an estimated

61 million migrant children have been left behind by their parents

to be raised in the countryside.

These ‘‘left-behind children’’

(liushou ertong) have been found to suffer from depression and

other forms of emotional distress, and are reportedly more prone to

drop out of school or suffer sexual abuse.

Migrant workers addi-

tionally continue to have low levels of labor and social welfare pro-

tection. According to a report published in May 2014 by the Na-

tional Bureau of Statistics of China, the number of migrant work-

ers in 2013 who signed labor contracts with their employers de-

clined by 2.6 percent to slightly more than 40 percent.

The report

also indicated that even with a slight increase from the previous

year, only a minority of migrants who worked outside their place

of residence had pensions (15.7 percent), medical insurance (17.6

percent), occupational injury insurance (28.5 percent), and unem-

ployment insurance (9.1 percent).

Dispatch Labor

The overuse and abuse of dispatch labor continues to be a signifi-

cant problem despite legal reforms carried out in recent years to

limit its proliferation. Dispatch labor (laowu paiqian) refers to an

employment arrangement whereby a worker signs an employment

contract with a labor dispatch agency and is then sourced by the

agency to work for another employer.

Dispatch workers are often

hired as long-term employees in violation of law,

and in many

cases paid lower wages and social insurance benefits than directly

hired workers.

While no current official statistics are available on

the extent of dispatch labor in China, 2011 estimates by the All-

China Federation of Trade Unions put the total number at 37 mil-

lion or 13.1 percent of all urban workers.

As the Commission observed in 2013, the National People’s Con-

gress amended the PRC Labor Contract Law in December 2012 to

address the issue of dispatch labor.

The amendments included

clearer definitions of the types of positions for which dispatch labor

could be used, raised business standards for labor dispatch agen-

cies, and required employers to apply the same compensation

standards to both directly hired workers and dispatch laborers.

Despite these changes, Chinese media has continued to report on

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the misuse of dispatch labor following the amendments coming into

effect in July 2013.

Citing overall weak enforcement of the new

regulations, reports indicated that no significant changes had been

made in terms of increased wages or benefits for dispatch work-

ers.

Chinese labor scholars have indicated equal pay provisions in

the law remain difficult to achieve in part because workers lack

strong bargaining power.

In some cases, employers were found to

be actively circumventing the law, decreasing welfare benefits or

citing a lack of clear implementing measures as a reason for not

fully complying with the regulations.

In January 2014 the Ministry of Human Resources and Social

Security issued the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch (Interim

Provisions), effective March 2014.

The Interim Provisions expand

on the 2012 amendments made to the PRC Labor Contract Law,

clarifying regulations on dispatch labor set out in the 2012 amend-

ments and providing further guidance on their implementation.

The Interim Provisions detail obligations for both the employer and

labor dispatch agency on the signing and termination of labor con-

tracts,

social insurance contributions,

and work-related inju-

ries,

among other issues. The Interim Provisions also restrict the

number of dispatch workers an employer is allowed to hire to 10

percent of their total workforce.

Employers that currently exceed

this threshold are allowed a two-year transition period to adjust to

the new restrictions.

The heavy reliance on dispatch labor by a

number of industries, including state-owned enterprises, banking

and financial institutions, and government organizations, still pre-

sents a clear challenge to achieving the 10 percent limit outlined

in the Interim Provisions.

In some cases, dispatch workers were

found to account for between 50 and 70 percent of the total work-

force in some enterprises.

Child Labor

The use of child labor in China remained a problem during the

past reporting year. As a member of the International Labour Or-

ganization (ILO), China has ratified the two core conventions on

the elimination of child labor.

The PRC Labor Law and related

legislation also prohibit the employment of minors under 16 years

old, and both national and local legal provisions prohibiting child

labor stipulate fines and other punishments for illegally hiring mi-

nors.

While the extent of child labor in China is unclear in part

because the government does not release data on the issue,

do-

mestic media reports from the past year indicate that the use of

child labor remained evident in the electronics manufacturing in-

dustry, with instances also reported in other sectors.

Labor ex-

perts contend a tightening labor market has led employers in some

cases to hire underage workers to resolve labor shortages and re-

duce labor costs.

Poverty and limited access to educational re-

sources were also found to be motivating factors for child workers

in a number of cases.

In December 2013, Chinese media reported

on the discovery of at least nine underage workers from the Yi eth-

nic minority group working in two electronics factories in Shenzhen

municipality, Guangdong province.

The underage workers were

found to be from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan

province, the location of a number of child labor trafficking cases

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reported on in recent years.

The December 2013 case follows

similar incidents in 2008 and 2011 in Guangdong involving under-

age workers from the same prefecture,

indicating problems in

preventing child labor and the trafficking of underage workers re-

main significant.

The abuse of student workers in ‘‘work-study’’ programs and

other related activities also continued to be a concern. National

provisions prohibiting child labor provide that ‘‘education practice

labor’’ and vocational skills training organized by schools and other

educational and vocational institutions do not constitute child labor

when such activities do not adversely affect the safety and health

of students.

The PRC Education Law also supports schools that

establish work-study programs, provided they do not negatively af-

fect normal studies.

The Commission has continued to observe re-

ports,

however, of internship programs that violate Chinese law

and appear inconsistent with ILO standards.

Prison Labor

The use of forced labor in China’s prison system and in other

forms of detention remains inconsistent with Chinese law and in

violation of international labor standards. Although the Inter-

national Labour Organization’s (ILO) core conventions on forced

and compulsory labor provide an exception for prison labor on con-

dition that the use of such labor is consistent with ILO guide-

lines,

international human rights and non-governmental organi-

zations have documented cases in China in which the use of such

labor—for example, in administrative detention facilities—conflicts

with ILO guidelines.

100

The guidelines include provisions, for ex-

ample, that permit prison labor if it is ‘‘exacted from [a] person as

a consequence of a conviction in a court of law’’;

101

in China, how-

ever, administrative detention terms are issued without judicial

process.

102

The ILO guidelines also prohibit the use of forced labor

‘‘as a means of political coercion or education or as a punishment

for holding or expressing political views or views ideologically op-

posed to the established political, social or economic system.’’

103

Amnesty International noted in a 2014 report submitted in ad-

vance of China’s periodic review at the UN Committee on Eco-

nomic, Social and Cultural Rights that ‘‘falun gong practitioners,

activists, and petitioners and human rights defenders’’ had been

subject to arbitrary detention in administrative detention facilities

where forced labor practices are common.

104

Moreover, the use of

prison labor for the purpose of profit-making also contravenes ILO

guidelines prohibiting the use of prison labor ‘‘for the purposes of

economic development.’’

105

Stuart Foster, a U.S. citizen imprisoned

in China in 2013, stated in a National Public Radio broadcast in

May 2014 that Christmas tree lights he assembled in prison report-

edly were sold to ‘‘unwitting U.S. companies.’’

106

The same broad-

cast indicated that a brief search online by National Public Radio

found at least 24 Chinese prisons advertising prison labor to manu-

facture a number of goods.

107

Despite not having ratified either of

the ILO core conventions on forced and compulsory labor, as a

member of the ILO, China remains obligated to respect certain

basic internationally recognized labor rights, including those relat-

ing to forced and compulsory labor.

108

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The announcement in December 2013 of the abolition of reeduca-

tion through labor,

109

a form of administrative detention where in-

dividuals were often forced to work under harsh conditions,

110

was

welcomed by Chinese and international human rights groups.

111

Reports have since emerged, however, indicating that Chinese au-

thorities continue to use alternative forms of arbitrary detention in

which forced labor practices and other human rights violations re-

main commonplace.

112

U.S. government assessments, as well as

international media reports from the past two years, indicate pris-

on labor has been used to manufacture, among other products,

toys, electronics, and clothing.

113

The export to the United States

of products manufactured through the use of forced labor in Chi-

na’s prison system and other forms of detention reportedly con-

tinues despite U.S.-China agreements.

114

The 1992 Memorandum

of Understanding on Prison Labor and 1994 Statement of Coopera-

tion between the United States and China established mechanisms

to safeguard against the export of prison products to the United

States.

115

Despite these agreements, slow and irregular cooperation

by China in responding to U.S. concerns,

116

as well as continued

reports of prison labor exports to the United States,

117

indicate sig-

nificant obstacles remain.

Wages

Wages in China continued to increase this past year, reflecting

growth rates that have seen regular increases in average wage lev-

els over the past two decades amid continued economic growth.

118

Reports suggest structural changes in China’s labor market, in par-

ticular a decline in the growth of the working age population and

continued sporadic labor shortages, are partially responsible for the

upward pressure on wages.

119

Local governments additionally con-

tinued to raise minimum wage levels this past year. The increases

are in keeping with growth targets outlined in the 12th Five-Year

Plan on Employment Promotion issued in 2011, which call for min-

imum wage levels to increase annually by an average of 13 percent

and reach 40 percent of average urban salaries by 2015.

120

During

the 2014 reporting year, the Commission observed reports from

Chinese media of increases in the statutory minimum wage in nine

provincial- and municipal-level areas averaging 13 percent.

121

At the same time, the growth of average wages and minimum

wage levels has slowed over the past three years, while minimum

wage levels in many cities are still far less than the 40 percent tar-

get outlined in the 12th Five-Year Plan.

122

Wages for migrant

workers in particular continue to be well below the national aver-

age. Data published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China

indicated the overall average wage in 2012 was roughly 70 percent

higher than the average wage for migrant workers during the same

period.

123

Reports also indicate rising living expenses, particularly

for food and housing, continued to erode wage gains as workers

spend a greater portion of their income on everyday necessities.

124

Moreover, income inequality between different regions, industrial

sectors, and groups of workers has been found to be steadily in-

creasing.

125

Chinese and international observers have separately

calculated China’s Gini coefficient, a common measure of income

inequality, to range between 0.45 and 0.55.

126

A level over 0.50 is

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considered to indicate severe income inequality and present signifi-

cant risks to social stability.

127

Occupational Safety

Workers in China continue to face significant occupational safety

risks. Systemic problems in implementation and enforcement of

workplace safety laws, as well as a lack of meaningful worker par-

ticipation in workplace decisions that impact health and safety con-

tinue to constrain efforts to reduce industrial accidents.

128

Despite

officially reported deaths from industrial accidents declining by 3.5

percent in 2013,

129

an official from the State Administration for

Work Safety continued to characterize industrial safety overall as

‘‘grim,’’ highlighting a continued lack of effective safety oversight

by central and local authorities.

130

Poor safety management by fac-

tory officials and inadequate supervision by local authorities were

two factors cited in an investigation into an explosion at an auto

parts factory in Jiangsu province in August 2014 that left 75 work-

ers dead and 185 injured.

131

Safety inspectors from the local gov-

ernment had reportedly conducted a safety audit of the factory in

July and officials confirmed a fire occurred at the factory in June,

yet factory management still failed to implement remedial safety

measures.

132

A group of Chinese labor activists and academics

issued a letter following the explosion calling for greater power to

be given to workers to supervise workplace safety and engage in

collective bargaining on safety-related issues in light of the failure

of factory management and local government to protect workers.

133

Officially reported coal mine deaths declined in 2013 by 24.4 per-

cent,

134

but human rights organizations suggested the actual num-

ber of deaths could be significantly higher due to under-

reporting.

135

Even with the reported decline, the death toll for

workers in China’s coal industry reportedly remained more than 10

times higher than the rate in developed countries.

136

Chinese

media also continued to report on cases in which mine managers

and local officials concealed information about mine accidents.

137

During the same time period, the number of accidents and deaths

that occurred in other resource extraction industries reportedly in-

creased.

138

Reports from labor NGOs and Chinese and international media

continue to highlight workplace abuses and poor working condi-

tions throughout China.

139

Low wages,

140

exposure to harmful sub-

stances,

141

and harsh management practices

142

were cited as some

of the major problems workers face. Excessive overtime in violation

of Chinese labor law in particular continues to be a common prob-

lem.

143

The director of the International Labour Organization’s

China office called excessive overtime in China’s white-collar indus-

tries ‘‘worrying as a physical and mental-health hazard.’’

144

April 2014 Chinese academic report found that close to 700 work-

ers in the manufacturing hub of Dongguan municipality,

Guangdong province had died in their sleep since 2004.

145

Labor

advocates and academics attributed the deaths in part to overwork,

stating that low wages encouraged workers to work overtime.

146

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Occupational Health

Many workers in China continue to face significant occupational

health risks. Inadequate government supervision of industrial com-

pliance with occupational health standards,

147

illegal practices by

employers,

148

and a lack of training and knowledge among workers

about health in the workplace

149

reportedly contribute to the high

risk of contracting occupational disease. According to figures from

the National Health and Family Planning Commission, over 87

percent of officially reported cases of occupational disease in 2013

were for the lung disease pneumoconiosis.

150

The Chinese NGO

Love Save Pneumoconiosis estimates that six million migrant

workers are afflicted with pneumoconiosis and that migrant work-

ers represent 90 percent of all pneumoconiosis cases in China.

151

Obtaining compensation for occupational disease remains a difficult

and protracted process, particularly for those with pneumo-

coniosis.

152

According to a July 2014 report published by Love Save

Pneumoconiosis, only 17.3 percent of migrant workers diagnosed

with pneumoconiosis obtained compensation, while 82.4 percent did

not receive any medical treatment.

153

Working Conditions at Foxconn Factories

In December 2013, the Fair Labor Association (FLA) released its final

report on the implementation of labor reforms at three factories owned

by Foxconn (one in Chengdu municipality, Sichuan province, and two in

Shenzhen Special Economic Zone),

154

a Taiwan-based multinational

electronics manufacturer

155

and supplier for Apple.

156

This was the

third and final progress report FLA released assessing implementation

of labor reforms developed by Apple and Foxconn in response to the dis-

closure of poor working conditions at these Foxconn factories in March

2012.

157

The report stated Foxconn had made ‘‘steady progress’’ in im-

proving working conditions in the 15 months to December 2013, includ-

ing reducing working hours and constructing additional exits and toilets

at the three factories.

158

At the same time, the report also indicated

that all three factories continued to not be ‘‘in compliance with Chinese

labor law regarding hours of work,’’ and that overtime in excess of the

legal limit remained a problem during certain periods in 2013.

159

Inde-

pendent experts criticized the report for in part ‘‘ignor[ing] crucial re-

forms promised by Apple and Foxconn,’’ including wage increases and

improving worker representation.

160

The report stated FLA expected

‘‘Apple will continue to monitor compliance at Foxconn,’’

161

however it

remains to be seen what measures it will take to remedy remaining

problems at Foxconn factories. In addition, international and Chinese

media reports published throughout the 2014 reporting year uncovered

labor rights abuses at other Chinese manufacturers for Apple,

162

high-

lighting the continuing problems Apple faces in managing its supply

chain in China.

Notes to Section II—Worker Rights

The Network of Chinese Human Rights Defenders and a Coalition of NGOs, Report Sub-

mitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights for Its Review at the 52nd

Session of the Second Report by the People’s Republic of China on Its Implementation of the

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, April 2014, 4, para. 15.

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PRC Trade Union Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo gonghui fa], passed and effective 3

April 92, amended 27 October 01, arts. 9–12; Constitution of the Chinese Trade Unions

[Zhongguo gonghui zhangcheng], adopted 26 September 03, amended 21 October 08, arts. 9, 11.

Ibid., arts. 4–6; Constitution of the Chinese Trade Unions [Zhongguo gonghui zhangcheng],

adopted 26 September 03, amended 21 October 08, General Principles.

Chang Hong, ‘‘ACFTU Membership Reaches 280 Million, Minimum Wage Standards Annual

Average Increase 12.6 Percent’’ [Quanguo gonghui huiyuan da 2.8 yi ren zuidi gongzi biaozhun

nianjun tigao 12.6%], People’s Daily, 11 October 13. According to data published in January

2014 by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, there were 769.77 million employed persons

(jiuye renyuan) in China by the end of 2013. See National Bureau of Statistics of China, ‘‘2013

National Economic Development Steady for the Better’’ [2013 nian guomin jingji fazhan wen

zhong xiang hao], 20 January 14.

Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, ‘‘The World’s Largest Union: ‘A Capitalist Running Dog,’ ’’ For-

eign Policy, 23 April 14; Tom Mitchell and Demetri Sevastopulo, ‘‘China Labour Activism: Cross-

ing the Line,’’ Financial Times, 7 May 14.

Geoffrey Crothall, ‘‘In China, Labour Activism Is Waking Up,’’ South China Morning Post,

1 May 14; John Ruwitch, ‘‘Fired From Walmart, Mrs. Wang Is Now Gunning for China’s State

Labor Union,’’ Reuters, 11 May 14.

‘‘Chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions Li Jianguo: Firmly Grasp the

Themes of the National Workers’ Movement’’ [Zhonghua quanguo zonggonghui zhuxi li jianguo:

laolao bawo woguo gongren yundong de shidai zhuti], People’s Daily, 5 December 13; Chang

Hong et al., ‘‘Li Jianguo: Advance Migrant Workers and Workers in Challenging Enterprises

Fair Rights to Social Security’’ [Li jianguo: cujin nongmingong, kunnan qiye zhigong gongping

xiangyou shehui baozheng], People’s Daily, 18 October 13.

‘‘Speech at All-China Model Worker Representative Forum’’ [Zai tong quanguo laodong

mofan daibiao zuotan shi de jianghua], People’s Daily, 29 April 13.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Searching for the Union: The Workers’ Movement in China 2011–

13,’’ February 2014, 38–40.

Huang Dan, ‘‘Trade Union Offers Legal Aid to 20 Workers Sacked by IBM’’ [Gonghui wei

20 ming IBM bei chao yuangong tigong fa yuan], Southern Metropolitan Daily, 13 March 14;

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Shenzhen Trade Union Seeks To Help Striking Workers Sacked by

IBM,’’ 13 March 14.

Ibid.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘The Fast Emerging Labour Movement in China and Its Impact on

the Country’s Future,’’ 6 September 13; Tom Mitchell and Demetri Sevastopulo, ‘‘China Labour

Activism: Crossing the Line,’’ Financial Times, 7 May 14.

Mimi Lau, ‘‘Fertile Ground for Labour Activism,’’ South China Morning Post, 2 May 14;

‘‘Douban Columnist Shangguan Luan Interview With Wang Jiangsong: Most Important Channel

To Remove Gap Between Intellectuals and Labor—Chinese Labor NGOs Present and Future’’

[Douban wang zhuanlan zuojia shangguan luan zhuanfang wang jiangsong: datong zhishifenzi

yu laogong gehe de zhongyao tongdao—zhongguo laogong NGO de dangxia yu weilai], Wang

Jiangsong Sina Blog, 20 May 14; Wang Jing, ‘‘Guangdong Labor Bill Puts HK Companies, Work-

ers at Odds,’’ Caixin, 23 June 14.

‘‘Douban Columnist Shangguan Luan Interview With Wang Jiangsong: Most Important

Channel To Remove Gap Between Intellectuals and Labor—Chinese Labor NGOs Present and

Future’’ [Douban wang zhuanlan zuojia shangguan luan zhuanfang wang jiangsong: datong

zhishifenzi yu laogong gehe de zhongyao tongdao—zhongguo laogong NGO de dangxia yu

weilai], Wang Jiangsong Sina Blog, 20 May 14; Ivan Franceschini, ‘‘Labour NGOs in China: A

Real Force for Political Change? ’’ China Quarterly, Vol. 218 (June 2014), 482–83.

Geoffrey Crothall, ‘‘Striking Behavior: Chinese Workers Discover a Weapon Against Labour-

Market Turmoil,’’ openDemocracy, 29 March 14; ‘‘Douban Columnist Shangguan Luan Interview

With Wang Jiangsong: Most Important Channel To Remove Gap Between Intellectuals and

Labor—Chinese Labor NGOs Present and Future’’ [Douban wang zhuanlan zuojia shangguan

luan zhuanfang wang jiangsong: datong zhishifenzi yu laogong gehe de zhongyao tongdao—

zhongguo laogong NGO de dangxia yu weilai], Wang Jiangsong Sina Blog, 20 May 14.

See, e.g., China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘The Making of a Labour Activist,’’ 14 November 13; China

Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Playing Hardball: Workers Solidarity Forces Boss To Make Concessions,’’ 7

November 13; Mimi Lau, ‘‘Fertile Ground for Labour Activism,’’ South China Morning Post, 2

May 14.

See, e.g., China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘The Making of a Labour Activist,’’ 14 November 13; China

Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Playing Hardball: Workers Solidarity Forces Boss To Make Concessions,’’ 7

November 13.

Dexter Roberts, ‘‘China’s Officials Muzzle Labor Activists,’’ Bloomberg Businessweek, 8 May

14; Mimi Lau, ‘‘Fertile Ground for Labour Activism,’’ South China Morning Post, 2 May 14.

Ibid.

Mimi Lau, ‘‘Fertile Ground for Labour Activism,’’ South China Morning Post, 2 May 14;

Ivan Franceschini, ‘‘Labour NGOs in China: A Real Force for Political Change? ’’ China Quar-

terly, Vol. 218 (June 2014), 482–84.

‘‘Assisting Striking Workers at Dongguan Yue Yuen in Rights Defense, Two Labor Organi-

zation Staff ‘Go Missing’ ’’ [Zhu dongguan yu yuan gongren bagong weiquan liang laogong zuzhi

chengyuan ‘‘bei shizong’’], Radio Free Asia, 23 April 14; Rights Defense Network, ‘‘Shenzhen

Labor Organization Staff Taken Away by Police in Dongguan’’ [Shenzhen laogong zuzhi

yuangong zai dongguan bei jingfang daizou], 13 April 14. For more information on the detention

of Lin Dong, see the Commission’s Political Prisoner Database record 2014-00171.

‘‘Assisting Striking Workers at Dongguan Yue Yuen in Rights Defense, Two Labor Organi-

zation Staff ‘Go Missing’ ’’ [Zhu dongguan yu yuan gongren bagong weiquan liang laogong zuzhi

chengyuan ‘‘bei shizong’’], Radio Free Asia, 23 April 14; ‘‘Chinese Shoe Strike Activist Held on

Public Order Charges,’’ Radio Free Asia, 30 April 14.

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Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, Submission to the Committee on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights (CESCR) on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Eco-

nomic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

(HKSAR) and the Mainland, China, March 2014; Chris King-Chi Chan and Elaine Sio-ieng Hui,

‘‘The Development of Collective Bargaining in China: From ‘Collective Bargaining by Riot’ to

‘Party State-Led Wage Bargaining,’ ’’ China Quarterly, Vol. 217 (March 2014), 226.

Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, Submission to the Committee on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights (CESCR) on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Eco-

nomic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

(HKSAR) and the Mainland, China, March 2014.

‘‘Zhang Jianguo: Status and Purpose of Constructing a Collective Consultation System in

Deepening Reform’’ [Zhang jianguo: jiti xieshang zhidu jianshe zai shenhua gaige zhong de diwei

zuoyong], Workers’ Daily, 22 April 14; Wang Jiaoping et al., ‘‘Labor Capital Collective Consulta-

tions Three Year Work Plan Mission Complete’’ [Gongzi jiti xieshang gongzuo san nian guihua

renwu wancheng], All-China Federation of Trade Unions, 25 December 13.

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Notice Regarding Promoting Implemen-

tation of Collective Contract System Attack Plan [Guanyu tuijin shishi jiti hetong zhidu gong

jian jihua de tongzhi], 14 April 14.

Mimi Lau, ‘‘Guangdong Collective Bargaining Proposal Seen as Bellwether for China,’’

South China Morning Post, 6 July 14; Wang Jing, ‘‘Wrestling With Collective Labor Consulta-

tions’’ [Jueli laogong jiti xieshang], Caixin, 16 June 14; Wang Jing, ‘‘Guangdong Labor Bill Puts

HK Companies, Workers at Odds,’’ Caixin, 23 June 14.

Wang Jing, ‘‘Guangdong Labor Bill Puts HK Companies, Workers at Odds,’’ Caixin, 23 June

14; Wang Jing, ‘‘Wrestling With Collective Labor Consultations’’ [Jueli laogong jiti xieshang],

Caixin, 16 June 14.

Ibid.

Wang Jing, ‘‘Wrestling With Collective Labor Consultations’’ [Jueli laogong jiti xieshang],

Caixin, 16 June 14; Chris King-Chi Chan and Elaine Sio-ieng Hui, ‘‘The Development of Collec-

tive Bargaining in China: From ‘Collective Bargaining by Riot’ to ‘Party State-Led Wage Bar-

gaining,’ ’’ China Quarterly, Vol. 217 (March 2014), 226–27.

Chris King-Chi Chan and Elaine Sio-ieng Hui, ‘‘The Development of Collective Bargaining

in China: From ‘Collective Bargaining by Riot’ to ‘Party State-Led Wage Bargaining,’ ’’ China

Quarterly, Vol. 217 (March 2014), 227.

Ibid., 226.

Ibid.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Protecting Workers’ Representatives,’’ 7 December 12. See also ‘‘De-

tention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges for Collective Bargaining in China,’’ Con-

gressional-Executive Commission on China, 20 December 13.

‘‘Worker Representative Faces Criminal Responsibility, 10 Labor Organizations Issue Joint

Protest Declaration’’ [Gongren daibiao mianlin xingze shi laogong zuzhi lianshu kangyi], Radio

Free Asia, 26 September 13. See also ‘‘Detention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges

for Collective Bargaining in China,’’ Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 20 Decem-

ber 13. For additional information on Wu Guijun’s case, see the Commission’s Political Prisoner

Database record 2013-00316.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Public Outcry Grows Over Shenzhen Labour Activist’s Five Month

Detention,’’ 18 October 13. See also ‘‘Detention of Labor Representative Highlights Challenges

for Collective Bargaining in China,’’ Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 20 Decem-

ber 13. For additional information on Wu Guijun’s case, see the Commission’s Political Prisoner

Database record 2013-00316.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Third Hearing in Trial of Labour Activist Wu Guijun Gets Under-

way in Shenzhen,’’ 13 May 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Shenzhen Authorities Drop Charges

Against Labour Activist Wu Guijun,’’ 9 June 14. For additional information on Wu Guijun’s case,

see the Commission’s Political Prisoner Database record 2013-00316.

‘‘Beiguo: Labor Leader Wu Guijun, Imprisoned Under Stability Maintenance, Finally Ob-

tains State Compensation’’ [Beiguo: laogong lingxiu wu guijun bei weiwen ruyu zhong huo guojia

peichang], New Citizens’ Movement, 11 August 14.

Wang Jing, ‘‘Expert Lawyers Recommend Revising ‘Trade Union Law’ Article’’ [Zhuanjia

lushi jianyi xiugai gonghui fa tiaokuan], Caixin, 23 May 14.

Ibid.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Searching for the Union: The Workers’ Movement in China 2011–

13,’’ February 2014, chaps. 2–3, 17, 25–31; Geoffrey Crothall, ‘‘Striking Behaviour: Chinese

Workers Discover a Weapon Against Labour-Market Turmoil,’’ openDemocracy, 29 March 14; Al-

exandra Harney, ‘‘China’s Workforce: Smaller, More Savvy, More Restive,’’ Reuters, 17 April 14.

See, e.g., ‘‘Several Hundred Workers at Lutianhua in Sichuan Block Roads Protesting In-

creased Work Hours Without Raise in Wages’’ [Sichuan lutianhua shubai gongren dulu kangyi

gongshi zengjia daiyu wei tigao], Radio Free Asia, 10 February 14; Amy Li, ‘‘Guangzhou Bank

Security Van Workers End Strike After Management Agrees Pay Deal,’’ South China Morning

Post, 17 February 14; ‘‘Close to One Hundred Workers Strike at Foxconn Factory in Chongqing’’

[Fushikang chongqing changfang jin bai gongren bagong], Radio Free Asia, 13 December 13.

See, e.g., ‘‘Doctors, Nurses and Workers Suppressed for Petitioning for Wages’’ [Yihu,

gongren shangfang tao xin jun shou zhenya], Radio Free Asia, 6 March 14; ‘‘China Steel Plant

Halts as Workforce Protests Over Unpaid Wages,’’ Radio Free Asia, 16 September 13; ‘‘Over a

Hundred Workers Striking, Blocking Factory Gate in Shanghai Arrested and Beaten, Boss in

Guangdong Runs Out as Workers Block Road, 40 People Arrested’’ [Shanghai yu bai gongren

du chang men bei zhua da guangdong laoban paolu gongren dulu 40 ren bei zhua], Radio Free

Asia, 20 February 14.

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John Ruwitch, ‘‘China Strike Illustrates Shift in Labor Landscape,’’ New York Times, 10

March 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Searching for the Union: The Workers’ Movement in China

2011–13,’’ February 2014, chap. 1, 7–10.

‘‘Striking Chinese Workers Are a Headache for Nike, IBM, Secret Weapon for Beijing,’’

Bloomberg, 6 May 14; Tom Mitchell and Demetri Sevastopulo, ‘‘China Labour Activism: Crossing

the Line,’’ Financial Times, 7 May 14; Alexandra Harney, ‘‘China’s Workforce: Smaller, More

Savvy, More Restive,’’ Reuters, 17 April 14.

‘‘Striking Chinese Workers Are a Headache for Nike, IBM, Secret Weapon for Beijing,’’

Bloomberg, 6 May 14; Liyan Qi, ‘‘China To Offer Subsidies to Firms Hit by Overcapacity,’’ Wall

Street Journal, 7 May 14; Wayne Ma and Chuin-Wei Yap, ‘‘First Up on the Reform Plans: Tack-

ling Overcapacity,’’ Wall Street Journal, 15 November 13.

See, e.g., ‘‘Week Long Strike at Towada Electronics Factory, Factory Management Issues

Ultimatum’’ [Shihetian dianzi chang bagong yi zhou changfang fa zuihoutongdie], Radio Free

Asia, 13 November 13; ‘‘Two Electronics Factories in Guangdong Strike, Over a Thousand Work-

ers at Shenzhen Factory Participate’’ [Yue liang dianzi chang bagong shenzhen changfang guo

qian ren canyu], Radio Free Asia, 31 October 13; ‘‘Electronics Factory To Close, Two Thousand

Workers Strike for Compensation’’ [Dianzi chang jiang jieye liang qian gongren zheng peichang

bagong], Radio Free Asia, 25 February 14.

See, e.g., ‘‘Over a Thousand Workers Strike, Dissatisfied With Benefits Reduction’’ [Qian

duo gongren bagong buman fuli bei xue], Radio Free Asia, 2 December 13; ‘‘Two Large Scale

Factories in Shenzhen Troubled by Strikes’’ [Shenzhen liang daxing gongchang nao gong chao],

Radio Free Asia, 15 November 13; ‘‘Two Thousand Workers Strike at Japanese-Financed

Dongguan Electronics Factory Protesting Salary Deductions’’ [Dongguan ri zi dianzi chang liang

qian gongren bagong kangyi kou xin], Radio Free Asia, 18 September 13.

‘‘Striking Chinese Workers Are Headache for Nike, IBM, Secret Weapon for Beijing,’’

Bloomberg, 6 May 14; John Ruwitch, ‘‘China Strike Illustrates Shift in Labor Landscape,’’ Reu-

ters, reprinted in New York Times, 10 March 14; Geoffrey Crothall, ‘‘In China, Labour Activism

Is Waking Up,’’ South China Morning Post, 1 May 14.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Searching for the Union: The Workers’ Movement in China 2011–

13,’’ February 2014, 46; Alexandra Harney, ‘‘China’s Workforce: Smaller, More Savvy, More Res-

tive,’’ Reuters, 17 April 14; Zhang Yiwei, ‘‘Wave of Strikes Shows Neglect of Labor Rights,’’ Glob-

al Times, 22 April 14.

Dan Levin, ‘‘Plying Social Media, Chinese Workers Grow Bolder in Exerting Clout,’’ New

York Times, 2 May 14.

Zhang Yiwei, ‘‘Wave of Strikes Shows Neglect of Labor Rights,’’ Global Times, 22 April 14;

Geoffrey Crothall, ‘‘Striking Behavior: Chinese Workers Discover a Weapon Against Labour-

Market Turmoil,’’ openDemocracy, 29 March 14.

Dan Levin, ‘‘Plying Social Media, Chinese Workers Grow Bolder in Exerting Clout,’’ New

York Times, 2 May 14.

‘‘Striking Chinese Workers Are Headache for Nike, IBM, Secret Weapon for Beijing,’’

Bloomberg, 6 May 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Searching for the Union: The Workers’ Movement

in China 2011–13,’’ February 2014, chap. 4, 32–33.

See, e.g., ‘‘Construction Contractor Owes 5 Million in Back Wages, Dozens of Workers De-

manding Salaries Encounter Stability Maintenance’’ [Jianzhu chengbaoshang qianxin wu

baiwan shu shi ming gongren tao xin zao weiwen], Radio Free Asia, 16 January 14; ‘‘Over a

Hundred Workers Striking, Blocking Factory Gate in Shanghai Arrested and Beaten, Boss in

Guangdong Runs Out as Workers Block Road, 40 People Arrested’’ [Shanghai yu bai gongren

du chang men bei zhua da guangdong laoban paolu gongren dulu 40 ren bei zhua], Radio Free

Asia, 20 February 14.

Alexandra Harney, ‘‘China’s Workforce: Smaller, More Savvy, More Restive,’’ Reuters, 17

April 14.

‘‘12 Guangzhou Rights Defense Workers Are Collectively Arrested by Authorities, Citizen

Watch Group in Guo Feixiong Case Calls Again for His Release’’ [Guangzhou 12 ming weiquan

gongren zao dangju jiti daibu guo feixiong an gongmin guancha tuan fasheng zai huyu fang ren],

Radio Free Asia, 3 October 13; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Hospital Security Guards Detained for

50 Days After Staging Protest,’’ 8 October 13. For more information on the 12 security guards

and their cases, see the following records in the Commission’s Political Prisoner Database: 2014-

00026 on Meng Han; 2014-00027 on Ou Guanglong; 2014-00028 on Ma Qing; 2014-00029 on He

Tao; 2014-00030 on Hu Zhihui; 2014-00031 on Gu Dalu; 2014-00032 on Zhang Ke; 2014-00033

on Zhong Rujiao; 2014-00034 on Li Bin; 2014-00035 on Yang Yanguang; 2014-00036 on Chen

Tao; and 2014-00037 on Zheng Jianfeng.

‘‘Verdict Announced Today in First Large Scale Arrest and Prosecution of Rights Defense

Workers: 12 Coworkers Sentenced’’ [Shouci daguimo daibu qisu weiquan gongren jin xuanpan:

12 ming gongyou bei panxing], New Citizens Movement, 15 April 14. For more information on

the 12 security guards and their cases, see the following records in the Commission’s Political

Prisoner Database: 2014-00026 on Meng Han; 2014-00027 on Ou Guanglong; 2014-00028 on Ma

Qing; 2014-00029 on He Tao; 2014-00030 on Hu Zhihui; 2014-00031 on Gu Dalu; 2014-00032

on Zhang Ke; 2014-00033 on Zhong Rujiao; 2014-00034 on Li Bin; 2014-00035 on Yang

Yanguang; 2014-00036 on Chen Tao; and 2014-00037 on Zheng Jianfeng.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Several Guangzhou Hospital Security Guards Vow To Appeal Jail

Sentences,’’ 15 April 14.

National Bureau of Statistics of China, ‘‘2013 Nationwide Migrant Worker Monitoring Sur-

vey Report of China’’ [2013 nian quanguo nongmingong jiance diaocha baogao], 12 May 14.

Ibid.; ‘‘Investigation on Migrant Workers’ Integration Into Cities: Without Enough Points,

Children Unable To Attend Public Primary Schools’’ [Nongmingong rongru chengshi diaocha:

jifen bugou zinu wufa du gongban xiaoxue], People’s Daily, reprinted in China News Service,

8 December 13; Zhuang Pinghui, ‘‘Chinese Migrants Seek More Stability in New Homes,’’ South

China Morning Post, 11 September 13.

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Huang Yueping, Beijing Yilian Labor Legal Aid and Research Center, ‘‘When Will Migrant

Workers Circle Around the ‘China Dream? ’ ’’ [Nongmingong heshi yuan shang ‘‘zhongguo

meng’’], 13 September 13; Amnesty International, China: Submission to the UN Committee on

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 52nd Session, May 2014, ASA 17/014/2014, March 2014,

chaps. 1.3, 7.

Amnesty International, China: Submission to the UN Committee on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights, 52nd Session, May 2014, ASA 17/014/2014, March 2014, chaps. 1.3, 7; Dexter

Roberts, ‘‘China’s Migrant Workers Want Their Children,’’ Bloomberg Businessweek, 10 January

14.

Ibid.

National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2013 Nationwide Migrant Worker Monitoring Sur-

vey Report [2013 nian quanguo nongmingong jiance diaocha baogao], 12 May 14.

Ibid.

‘‘Labor Dispatch and Labor Agencies’’ [Laowu paiqian yu laowu zhongjie], Jilin Worker

News, reprinted in China Trade Union Net, 12 March 14.

Article 66 of the PRC Labor Contract Law states that ‘‘labor dispatch generally carries out

temporary, supplementary, or substitution work positions.’’ PRC Labor Contract Law [Zhonghua

renmin gongheguo laodong hetong fa], issued 29 June 07, effective 1 January 08, amended 28

December 12, art. 66.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Labour Rights Groups and Workers Call for Action on China’s Em-

ployment Agencies,’’ 10 September 13; Lin Jia, ‘‘ ‘Fixed Definition + Fixed Quantity’ Will Limit

Misuse of Labor Dispatch’’ [‘‘Dingxing + dingliang’’ ezhi laowu paiqian lanyong], Workers’ Daily,

27 January 14.

Sources citing data from the All-China Federation of Trade Unions in 2011 report the total

number of dispatch workers in China was 37 million; however, other reports provide estimates

that range between 10 million and 60 million. See Zhang Zhilong et al., ‘‘Xinhua Viewpoint:

Labor Dispatch Personnel’s ‘Equal Pay for Unequal Work’ Problem Draws Concern’’ [Xinhua

shidian: laowu paiqian renyuan ‘‘tonggong bu tongchou’’ wenti yin guanzhu], Xinhua, 16 Janu-

ary 13; Mary Gallagher et al., ‘‘China’s 2008 Labor Contract Law: Implementation and Implica-

tions for China’s Workers,’’ World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 6542, July 2013, 16;

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Labour Rights Groups and Workers Call for Action on China’s Employ-

ment Agencies,’’ 10 September 13.

See National People’s Congress, Decision of the Standing Committee of the National Peo-

ple’s Congress Regarding Amendments to ‘‘PRC Labor Contract Law’’ [Quanguo renmin daibiao

dahui changwuweiyuanhui guanyu xiugai ‘‘zhonghua renmin gongheguo laodong hetong fa’’ de

jueding], issued 28 December 12, effective 1 July 13; CECC, 2013 Annual Report, 10 October

13, 71–72.

National People’s Congress, Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s

Congress Regarding Amendments to ‘‘PRC Labor Contract Law’’ [Quanguo renmin daibiao dahui

changwuweiyuanhui guanyu xiugai ‘‘zhonghua renmin gongheguo laodong hetong fa’’ de

jueding], issued 28 December 12, effective 1 July 13, arts. 57, 63, 66.

Jiang Gang et al., ‘‘To Evade New Regulations, Enterprises Have Hundreds of Tricks, Equal

Pay for Equal Work Becomes ‘A Right on Paper’ ’’ [Guibi xin gui qiye huayang bai chu tonggong

tongchou cheng ‘‘zhi shang quanli’’], China Comment, reprinted in China News Service, 1 No-

vember 13; Wang Weijian et al., ‘‘How To Use ‘Temporary Workers’ Is a Big Headache for Work

Units’’ [‘‘Linshigong’’ za yong, danwei hen touteng], People’s Daily, 6 May 14.

Ibid.

Jiang Gang et al., ‘‘To Evade New Regulations, Enterprises Have Hundreds of Tricks, Equal

Pay for Equal Work Becomes ‘A Right on Paper’ ’’ [Guibi xin gui qiye huayang bai chu tonggong

tongchou cheng ‘‘zhi shang quanli’’], China Comment, reprinted in China News Service, 1 No-

vember 13.

Ibid.

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch

[Laowu paiqian zanxing guiding], issued 26 January 14, effective 1 March 14.

‘‘ ‘Fixed Definition + Fixed Quantity’ Will Limit Misuse of Labor Dispatch’’ [‘‘Dingxing +

dingliang’’ ezhi laowu paiqian lanyong], Workers’ Daily, 27 January 14.

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch

[Laowu paiqian zanxing guiding], issued 26 January 14, effective 1 March 14, arts. 5–7, 12–17.

Ibid., arts. 9, 18–19.

Ibid., art. 10.

Ibid., art. 4.

Ibid., art. 28.

Li Peike, ‘‘Standardizing Labor Dispatch Depends on Strength of Enforcement’’ [Guifan

laowu paiqian guanjian hai yaokan zhixingli], Lanzhou Daily, 13 May 14; Cao Yongquan, ‘‘[Ex-

ploring the Labor Movement] Analysis of Highlights and Effects of the Interim Provisions on

Labor Dispatch’’ [‘‘Gongyun tantao’’ qianxi ‘‘laowu paiqian zhanxing guiding’’ de liangdian ji qi

yingxiang], Workers’ Daily, 18 March 14; Jin Yanming, ‘‘Dispatch Labor Not To Exceed 10 Per-

cent Overall’’ [Paiqian yonggong bude chao zongliang 10%], Southern Daily, 5 March 14.

Jin Yanming, ‘‘Dispatch Labor Not To Exceed 10 Percent Overall’’ [Paiqian yonggong bude

chao zongliang 10%], Southern Daily, 5 March 14.

ILO Convention (No. 138) Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 26 June

73; ILO Convention (No. 182) Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimi-

nation of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 17 June 99; International Labour Organization,

‘‘Ratifications of C138—Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138),’’ last visited 16 July 14;

International Labour Organization, ‘‘Ratifications of C182—Worst Forms of Child Labour Con-

vention, 1999 (No. 182),’’ last visited 16 July 14.

PRC Labor Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo laodong fa], passed 5 July 94, effective 1 Jan-

uary 95, amended 10 October 01, arts. 15, 94. Article 15 of the PRC Labor Law prohibits an

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employer from hiring minors under the age of sixteen, with exceptions made for institutions of

literature, art, physical culture, and special crafts which may employ minors through prior ex-

amination and approval of the government authorities while also ensuring their right to receive

a compulsory education. See also PRC Law on the Protection of Minors [Zhonghua renmin

gongheguo wei chengnian ren baohu fa], passed 4 September 91, effective 1 January 92, arts.

28, 49. See generally Provisions on Prohibiting the Use of Child Labor [Jinzhi shiyong tonggong

guiding], issued 1 October 02, effective 1 December 02.

International Labour Organization, ‘‘Observation (CEACR)—C138—Minimum Age Conven-

tion, 1973 (No. 138)—China,’’ adopted 2010, published 100th ILC Session 2011.

‘‘Two Companies in Shenzhen Confirmed To Have Illegally Used Child Labor Are Fined

10,000 and 35,000 Yuan’’ [Shenzhen liang qiye bei zhengshi feifa shiyong tonggong fenbie bei

fa 1 wan he 3.5 wan yuan], Southern Weekend, 21 January 14; ‘‘18 Child Laborers Discovered

in Rented Room in Taizhou, Zhejiang, Youngest Is 10 Years Old’’ [Zhejiang taizhou yi chuzu

wu nei xian 18 ming tonggong zui xiao 10 sui], China Central Television, reprinted in Sohu,

4 April 14.

‘‘15 Year Old Child Worker at Taiwanese Subcontractor Factory in Shanghai for Apple Dies

of Illness, 4 Deaths in Half a Year Point to Overwork as Main Cause’’ [Hu pingguo taizi

daigongchang 15 sui tonggong bingshi bannian 4 si guolao bei zhi zhuyin], Radio Free Asia, 13

December 13.

‘‘A Factory in Shenzhen Employs Large Number of 12-Year-Old Girls’’ [Shenzhen yi

gongchang guyong daliang 12 sui nutong], Radio Free Asia, 31 December 13; ‘‘18 Child Laborers

Discovered in Rented Room in Taizhou, Zhejiang, Youngest Is 10 Years Old’’ [Zhejiang taizhou

yi chuzu wu nei xian 18 ming tonggong zui xiao 10 sui], China Central Television, reprinted

in Sohu, 4 April 14.

‘‘Two Companies in Shenzhen Confirmed To Have Illegally Used Child Labor Are Fined

10,000 and 35,000 Yuan’’ [Shenzhen liang qiye bei zhengshi feifa shiyong tonggong fenbie bei

fa 1 wan he 3.5 wan yuan], Southern Weekend, 21 January 14; ‘‘A Factory in Shenzhen Employs

Large Number of 12 Year Old Girls’’ [Shenzhen yi gongchang guyong daliang 12 sui nutong],

Radio Free Asia, 31 December 13. While 9 workers were confirmed as being underage, investiga-

tors were not able to verify identification information for an additional 20 workers.

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Chinese Media Uncovers Another Case of Child Labour Trafficking

in Shenzhen,’’ 30 December 13.

Ibid.

State Council, Provisions on Prohibiting the Use of Child Labor [Jinzhi shiyong tonggong

guiding], issued 1 October 02, effective 1 December 02, art. 13.

PRC Education Law [Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jiaoyu fa], passed 18 March 95, effective

1 September 95, amended 27 August 09, art. 58.

See, e.g., Sarah Mishkin, ‘‘Foxconn Admits Student Intern Labour Violations at China

Plant,’’ Financial Times, 10 October 13; ‘‘Foshan 16 Year Old Vocational Student Dies From

Overwork in Forced Internship’’ [Foshan 16 sui zhongzhuansheng bei qiangpo shixi guolao si],

Radio Free Asia, 8 October 13.

See ILO Convention (No. 138) Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 26

June 73. ILO guidelines on the subject of vocational training, apprenticeships and related in-

ternships vis-a

-vis child labor permits such work ‘‘in accordance with conditions prescribed by

the competent authority’’ and in programs involving education, training, or ‘‘guidance or orienta-

tion [on] . . . the choice of an occupation or of a line of training.’’ ILO Recommendation 146

on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 26 June 73, item 12.2. Furthermore, the

General Conference of the International Labour Organization adopted Recommendation 146 re-

lating to the 1973 Minimum Age Convention, which urged that measures ‘‘be taken to safeguard

and supervise the conditions in which children and young persons undergo vocational orienta-

tion and training within undertakings, training institutions and schools for vocation or technical

education and to formulate standards for their protection and development.’’ See International

Labour Organization (ILO), Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (No. 29),

adopted by 14th ILC Session, 28 June 30, entry into force 1 May 32; International Labour Of-

fice, ‘‘General Survey Concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Aboli-

tion of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 (No. 105),’’ International Labour Conference, 96th Ses-

sion, 2007, 19–20. ILO’s Committee of Experts noted that vocational training does not nec-

essarily constitute compulsory work or service within the meaning of the Forced Labour Conven-

tion (No. 29), but states that ‘‘ . . . vocational training usually entails a certain amount of prac-

tical work, and for that reason, the distinction between training and employment is sometimes

difficult to draw. It is therefore only by reference to the various elements involved in the general

context of a particular scheme of training that it becomes possible to determine whether such

scheme is unequivocally one of vocational training or on the contrary involves the exaction of

work or service within the definition of ‘forced or compulsory labor.’ ’’

International Labour Organization, Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour

(No. 29), adopted by 14th ILC Session, 28 June 30, entry into force 1 May 32, art. 2.2(c); Inter-

national Labour Organization, Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (No. 105),

adopted by 40th ILC Session, 25 June 57, entry into force 17 January 59, art. 1. Article 2.2(c)

of the Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour allows for ‘‘any work or service ex-

acted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of law, provided that the said

work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority and that

the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or

associations.’’

100

See, e.g., Asia Catalyst, ‘‘ ‘Custody and Education’: Arbitrary Detention for Female Sex

Workers in China,’’ December 2013, 8, 20, 25–27; Amnesty International, China: Submission to

the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 52nd Session, May 2014, ASA 17/

014/2014, March 2014, 5–6.

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101

International Labour Organization, Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour

(No. 29), adopted by 14th ILC Session, 28 June 30, entry into force 1 May 32, art. 2.2(c).

102

See, e.g., ‘‘China Has Many Forms of Arbitrary Detention, Lawyers Say,’’ Radio Free Asia,

19 November 13; Amnesty International, China: Submission to the UN Committee on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights, 52nd Session, May 2014, ASA 17/014/2014, March 2014, 5–6.

103

International Labour Organization, Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour

(No. 105), adopted by 40th ILC Session, 25 June 57, entry into force 17 January 59, art. 1(a).

104

Amnesty International, China: Submission to the UN Committee on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights, 52nd Session, May 2014, ASA 17/014/2014, March 2014, 6.

105

International Labour Organization, Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour

(No. 105), adopted by 40th ILC Session, 25 June 57, entry into force 17 January 59, art. 1(b).

For a report on the use of prison labor for the purpose of profit-making, see Chai Huiqun, ‘‘Con-

fessions of Disgraced RTL Officers’’ [Luoma laojiao jingcha de jiantao], Southern Weekend, 2

May 13.

106

Frank Langfitt, ‘‘U.S. Teacher: I Did Seven Months of Forced Labor in a Chinese Jail,’’ Na-

tional Public Radio, 29 May 14.

107

Ibid.

108

International Labour Organization, ‘‘Ratifications of Fundamental Human Rights Conven-

tions by Country,’’ last visited 6 September 13; International Labour Organization, ILO Declara-

tion on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 18 June 98, art. 2. Other rights member

countries are obligated to respect include the effective abolition of child labor; the elimination

of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation; and freedom of association and the

‘‘effective recognition’’ of the right to collective bargaining.

109

Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Abolishing Laws

and Regulations Related to Reeducation Through Labor [Quanguo renmin daibiao dahui

changwu weiyuanhui guanyu feizhi youguan laodong jiaoyang falu guiding de jueding], issued

and effective, 28 December 13.

110

‘‘Prospects for Reforming China’s Reeducation Through Labor System,’’ Congressional-

Executive Commission on China, 9 May 13, 2–3, 4, 6; John Dotson and Teresa Vanfleet, U.S.-

China Economic and Security Review Commission, ‘‘Prison Labor Exports From China and Im-

plications for U.S. Policy,’’ 9 July 14, 5.

111

Amnesty International, ‘‘ ‘Changing the Soup but Not the Medicine? ’: Abolishing Re-

Education Through Labour in China,’’ ASA 17/042/2013, 17 December 13, 5; Human Rights

Watch, ‘‘China: Fully Abolish Re-Education Through Labor,’’ 8 January 13; Chinese Human

Rights Defenders, ‘‘[CHRB] Lawyers Warn Against Other Forms of Arbitrary Detention To Re-

place RTL (11/14–11/20, 2013),’’ 21 November 13; Rights Defense Network, ‘‘Statement of Chi-

nese Lawyers for the Protection of Human Rights on Issues Related to the Abolition of the Re-

education Through Labor System’’ [Zhongguo baozhang renquan lushituan lushi dui laojiao

zhidu feizhi xiangguan wenti de shengming], 19 November 13.

112

Amnesty International, ‘‘ ‘Changing the Soup but Not the Medicine? ’: Abolishing Re-

Education Through Labour in China,’’ ASA 17/042/2013, 17 December 13, 8–9, 39–41; Chinese

Human Rights Defenders, ‘‘A Nightmarish Year Under Xi Jinping’s ‘Chinese Dream’: 2013 An-

nual Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in China,’’ March 2014, 4–5, 7–8; Am-

nesty International, ‘‘China: Submission to the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights, 52nd Session, May 2014,’’ ASA 17/014/2014, March 2014, 5–6.

113

Frank Langfitt, ‘‘U.S. Teacher: I Did Seven Months of Forced Labor in a Chinese Jail,’’ Na-

tional Public Radio, 29 May 14; U.S. Department of Labor, List of Goods Produced by Child

Labor or Forced Labor, last visited 26 August 14; Lisa Murray and Angus Grigg, ‘‘Qantas in

China Prison Labour Row,’’ Australian Financial Review, 26 June 13; Frank Langfitt, ‘‘Ex-

Inmates Speak Out About Labor Camps as China Considers ‘Reforms,’ ’’ National Public Radio,

22 February 13.

114

See, e.g., Frank Langfitt, ‘‘U.S. Teacher: I Did Seven Months of Forced Labor in a Chinese

Jail,’’ National Public Radio, 29 May 14; John Dotson and Teresa Vanfleet, U.S.-China Economic

and Security Review Commission, ‘‘Prison Labor Exports From China and Implications for U.S.

Policy,’’ 9 July 14, 7–10.

115

Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States of America and the People’s

Republic of China on Prohibiting Import and Export Trade in Prison Labor Products, effective

7 August 92; Statement of Cooperation on the Implementation of the Memorandum of Under-

standing Between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China on Prohib-

iting Import and Export Trade in Prison Labor Products, 14 March 94.

116

Shujie Leng, ‘‘Made in China—But Was It Made in a Prison? ’’ National Public Radio, 29

March 14; John Dotson and Teresa Vanfleet, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Com-

mission, ‘‘Prison Labor Exports From China and Implications for U.S. Policy,’’ 9 July 14, 5–6,

11–12.

117

See, e.g., Frank Langfitt, ‘‘U.S. Teacher: I Did Seven Months of Forced Labor in a Chinese

Jail,’’ National Public Radio, 29 May 14.

118

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Wages in China,’’ last visited 8 July 14.

119

Julie Zhu, ‘‘Is the Manufacturing Industry Withdrawing From the Pearl River Delta? ’’

[Zhizaoye chili zhusanjiao?], Financial Times, 7 February 14; Qiu Yue, ‘‘Number of Areas Facing

‘Labor Shortage’ Following Holiday, Where Have All the ‘Migrant Workers’ Gone? ’’ [Duo di jie

hou yu ‘‘yonggong huang’’ ‘‘nongmingong’’ dou qu naer le?], Guangming Daily, reprinted in

Xinhua, 22 February 14; Wang Huiyu et al., ‘‘In Many Provinces Cheap Labor Is Increasingly

Difficult To Obtain, Turning Point Is Forcing Transformation and Upgrade’’ [Duo sheng lianjia

laoli huoqu yuelaiyue nan guaidian daolai dao bi zhuangxing shengji], Economic Information

News, reprinted in China News Service, 5 November 13.

120

State Council, Plan on Employment Promotion (2011–2015) [Cujin jiuye guihua (2011–2015

nian)], 24 January 12.

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121

Li Tangning and Zhou Rui, ‘‘9 Provinces and Cities Raise Minimum Wage Standards 13

Percent’’ [9 sheng shi shangtiao zuidi gongzi biaozhun zhang 13%], Economic Information News,

22 April 14.

122

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Wages in China,’’ last visited 8 July 14; Li Tangning and Zhou

Rui, ‘‘9 Provinces and Cities Raise Minimum Wage Standards 13 Percent’’ [9 sheng shi

shangtiao zuidi gongzi biaozhun zhang 13%], Economic Information News, 22 April 14; ‘‘26 Prov-

inces Raise Minimum Wage Levels by Average of 18 Percent, Basically in Line With 2012’’ [26

sheng tiao zuidi gongzi biaozhun pingjun zeng 18% yu 2012 nian jiben chiping], China News,

15 January 14.

123

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Wages in China,’’ last visited 8 July 14; China Labour Bulletin,

‘‘Real Wages for China’s Migrant Workers Stagnate as Cost of Living Escalates,’’ 14 May 14.

124

Ibid.

125

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Wages in China,’’ last visited 8 July 14.

126

National Bureau of Statistics of China, ‘‘2013 National Economy Developing Steadily for

the Better’’ [2013 nian guomin jingji fazhan wen zhong xiang hao], 20 January 14; ‘‘Income In-

equality Now Greater in China Than in US,’’ University of Michigan News, 28 April 14. See

also Yu Xie and Xiang Zhou, ‘‘Income Inequality in Today’s China, ‘‘Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, No. 19, 13 May 14.

127

Lorraine Woellert and Sharon Chen, ‘‘China’s Income Inequality Surpasses U.S., Posing

Risk for Xi,’’ Bloomberg, 29 April 14.

128

See, e.g., Chen Weiwei, ‘‘State Administration of Work Safety: Comparatively More Acci-

dents Last Year at Central Enterprises Reveals Many Problems’’ [An jian zongju: qunian yangqi

shigu jiao duo baolu zhuduo wenti], Xinhua, 9 January 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Factory

Bosses Detained After Explosion at Jiangsu Auto Plant Kills 69,’’ 3 August 14; Shannon Van

Sant, ‘‘China Factory Blasts Highlight Gaps in Workplace Safety,’’ Voice of America, 4 August

14.

129

State Administration of Work Safety, ‘‘2013 National Work Safety Situation’’ [2013 nian

quanguo anquan shangchan gongzuo qingkuang], 19 February 14.

130

Chen Weiwei, ‘‘State Administration of Work Safety: Comparatively More Accidents Last

Year at Central Enterprises Reveals Many Problems’’ [An jian zongju: qunian yangqi shigu jiao

duo baolu zhuduo wenti], Xinhua, 9 January 14.

131

‘‘Xinhua Insight: Official Blames Factory Blast on ‘Serious Dereliction of Duty,’ ’’ Xinhua,

4 August 14.

132

Ibid.; Zhao Zhijiang, ‘‘Xinmin Evening News: Kunshan’s Pain ‘Mayor Weeps at the Scene’

Again Proving Importance of Safety’’ [Xinmin wanbao: kunshan zhi tong ‘‘shizhang danchang

kuqi’’ zai zheng anquan zhi zhong], Xinmin Evening News, reprinted in People’s Daily, 4 August

14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Activists Demand That Workers Be Given the Right To Supervise

Workplace Safety,’’ 4 August 14.

133

Wang Jing, ‘‘Labor Community Calls for Workers To Be Given Power To Supervise Produc-

tion Safety’’ [Laogong jie huyu jiang anquan shengchan jiandu quan jiaogei gongren], Caixin,

4 August 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Activists Demand That Workers Be Given the Right To

Supervise Workplace Safety,’’ 4 August 14.

134

PRC Central Government, ‘‘2013 National Coal Mine Safety Production Achieves Three

Substantial Declines’’ [2013 nian woguo meikuang anquan shengchan shixian san ge dafu

xiajiang], 4 January 14.

135

‘‘Coal Mine Accident Mortality Rate Declines 24 Percent Last Year in China’’ [Zhongguo

meikuang shigu siwanglu qunian xiajiang 24%], Radio Free Asia, 6 January 14.

136

Wang Yichen, ‘‘State Administration of Work Safety: Safe Production in Coal Mining Re-

mains Key Problem To Tackle’’ [Guojia an jian zongju: meikuang reng shi anquan shengchan

gongguan zhongdian], Economic Daily, reprinted in China News Service, 10 January 14.

137

‘‘China Reports Cover-Ups in Coal Mine Accidents,’’ Xinhua, reprinted in Global Times, 5

August 14.

138

‘‘Number of Non-Mining Accidents and Deaths Both Increase Last Year’’ [Qunian fei

meikuangshan zhongda shigu qishu he siwangrenshu tongbi jun shangsheng], China News Serv-

ice, 27 February 14.

139

See, e.g., China Labor Watch, ‘‘Another Samsung Supplier Exploiting Child Labor: Inves-

tigation of Shinyang Electronic Co. Ltd. (Dongguan),’’ 10 July 14, 3, 14; Zhou Jing et al., ‘‘Trac-

ing Fire at Shoe Factory: Hidden Dangers Amass Leading to Enormous Fire, Lack of Training

Leads to Death of Many People by Smoke Inhalation’’ [Xie chang huozai zhuizong: yinhuan ji

chong tianda huo zhong fasheng que peixun duo ren jing bei xunsi], Xinhua, 15 January 14;

‘‘Frequent News of Deaths at Apple Subcontractors Suspected To Be Related to Working Envi-

ronment’’ [Pingguo daigongchang pinchuan sixun yi yu gongzuo huanjing youguan], Radio Free

Asia, 21 November 13.

140

See, e.g., ‘‘Several Hundred Workers at Lutianhua in Sichuan Block Roads Protesting In-

creased Work Hours Without Raise in Wages’’ [Sichuan lutianhua shubai gongren dulu kangyi

gongshi zengjia daiyu wei tigao], Radio Free Asia, 10 February 14; Amy Li, ‘‘Guangzhou Bank

Security Van Workers End Strike After Management Agrees To Pay Deal,’’ South China Morn-

ing Post, 12 February 14; Sophie Stracke et al., DanWatch, ‘‘IT Workers Still Pay the Price for

Cheap Computer: Case Study of Labour Conditions at 4 Dell Suppliers in China,’’ November

2013, 10–12.

141

See, e.g., Sophie Stracke et al., DanWatch, ‘‘IT Workers Still Pay the Price for Cheap Com-

puter: Case Study of Labour Conditions at 4 Dell Suppliers in China,’’ November 2013, 13–14;

China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Another Ammonia Leak at a Chinese Factory Claims 15 Lives,’’ 2 Sep-

tember 13; China Labor Watch, ‘‘Another Samsung Supplier Exploiting Child Labor: Investiga-

tion of Shinyang Electronic Co. Ltd. (Dongguan),’’ 10 July 14, 3, 14.

142

See, e.g., ‘‘Workers in Dongguan Blocking Streets, Demanding Back Wages Suppressed’’

[Dongguan gongren dulu tao xin zao daya], Radio Free Asia, 14 October 13; Sophie Stracke et

al., DanWatch, ‘‘IT Workers Still Pay the Price for Cheap Computer: Case Study of Labour Con-

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ditions at 4 Dell Suppliers in China,’’ November 2013, 28; China Labor Watch, ‘‘Mattel’s Unceas-

ing Abuse of Chinese Workers: An Investigation of Six Mattel Supplier Factories,’’ October 2013,

21–22, 45.

143

See, e.g., Shai Oster, ‘‘They’re Dying at Their Desks in China as Epidemic of Stress Proves

Fatal,’’ Bloomberg, 30 June 14; Sarah Mishkin, ‘‘Overtime Work at Foxconn Still Beyond China’s

Legal Limits,’’ Financial Times, 12 December 13; Yan Ying and Song Taowei, ‘‘Why Do Apple

Subcontractor Workers Vie for Overtime? ‘Double Overtime’ Can Earn Two or Three Thousand

More’’ [Pingguo daigongchang yuangong weihe zheng zhe jiaban? ‘‘shuangjia’’ neng duo na liang

san qian], East Day, 16 December 13.

144

Shai Oster, ‘‘They’re Dying at Their Desks in China as Epidemic of Stress Proves Fatal,’’

Bloomberg, 30 June 14.

145

Wang Wanli, ‘‘In Past 10 Years, At Least 697 Young Adults in Prime of Life Suddenly Die’’

[10 nian zhishao 697 qingzhuangnian cusi], Guangzhou Daily, 21 July 14.

146

Zheng Caixiong, ‘‘Syndrome Killing Young Workers in ‘World’s Factory,’ ’’ China Daily, re-

printed in People’s Daily, 22 July 14; Andrea Chen, ‘‘Mystery as Hundreds of Young Chinese

Workers Are Dying in Their Sleep,’’ South China Morning Post, 22 July 14.

147

See, e.g., ‘‘Xinhua Insight: Official Blames Factory Blast on ‘Serious Dereliction of Duty,’ ’’

Xinhua, 4 August 14; ‘‘Fire Takes Place at Shoe Factory in Wenling, Zhejiang, Analysts Doubt

It Is Arson’’ [Zhejiang wenling xie chang fasheng huozai fenxirenshi huaiyi ren wei zonghuo],

Radio Free Asia, 14 January 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Factory Bosses Detained After Explo-

sion at Jiangsu Auto Plant Kills 69,’’ 3 August 14.

148

Zhou Jing et al., ‘‘Tracing Fire at Shoe Factory: Hidden Dangers Amass Leading to Enor-

mous Fire, Lack of Training Leads to Death of Many People by Smoke Inhalation’’ [Xie chang

huozai zhuizong: yinhuan ji chong tianda huo zhong fasheng que peixun duo ren jing bei xun

si], Xinhua, 15 January 14; Charles Arthur, ‘‘Samsung Finds Labour Violations at Dozens of

Its Chinese Suppliers,’’ Guardian, 1 July 14; Yu Dawei and Bao Zhiming, ‘‘Workers at Jiangsu

Auto-Parts Factory Say Fatal Blast Wasn’t a Surprise,’’ Caixin, 4 August 14.

149

See, e.g., Alice Yan, ‘‘Kunshan Explosion Factory Ignored Several Danger Warnings, Says

Regulator,’’ South China Morning Post, 4 August 14; China Labor Watch, ‘‘Another Samsung

Supplier Exploiting Child Labor: Investigation of Shinyang Electronic Co. Ltd. (Dongguan),’’ 10

July 14, 14; China Labour Bulletin, ‘‘Another Ammonia Leak at a Chinese Factory Claims 15

Lives,’’ 2 September 13.

150

National Health and Family Planning Commission, ‘‘Bulletin Concerning 2013 Situation

for Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Work’’ [Guanyu 2013 nian zhiyebing fangzhi

gongzuo qingkuang de tongbao], 30 June 14.

151

Love Save Pneumoconiosis, ‘‘Research Report on the Living Conditions of China’s Pneumo-

coniosis-Affected Migrant Workers (2014)’’ [Zhongguo chenfeibing nongmingong shengcun

zhuangkuang diaocha baogao (2014)], 1 July 14, 1, 7–11.

152

Li Xiaocong and Xu Liuping, ‘‘A Majority of the 20,000 People Suffering With Occupational

Disease in Our Province Lack Medical Certification’’ [Wosheng 2 wan zhiyebing ren daduo wu

zhenduan shu], Jiangxi Morning Post, 12 August 14; Xiang Huilian, ‘‘Report States Over 80 Per-

cent of Migrant Workers With Pneumoconiosis Unable To Obtain Compensation’’ [Baogao cheng

chao ba cheng chenfeibing nongmingong wei huo peichang], Caixin, 7 July 14.

153

Love Save Pneumoconiosis, ‘‘Research Report on the Living Conditions of China’s Pneumo-

coniosis-Affected Migrant Workers (2014)’’ [Zhongguo chenfeibing nongmingong shengcun

zhuangkuang diaocha baogao (2014)], 1 July 14, 35, 40.

154

Fair Labor Association, ‘‘Final Foxconn Verification Status Report,’’ 12 December 13.

155

‘‘Profile: Foxconn Technology Co Ltd (2354.TW),’’ Reuters, last visited 8 September 14.

156

Fair Labor Association, ‘‘Final Foxconn Verification Status Report,’’ 12 December 13, 1.

157

Ibid.

158

Ibid., 3.

159

Ibid.

160

Isaac Shapiro and Scott Nova, ‘‘Apple Fails To Deliver on Key Labor Rights Promises, but

Company’s Chosen Labor Rights Monitor Finds Little Fault,’’ Economic Policy Institute (blog),

13 December 13.

161

Fair Labor Association, ‘‘Final Foxconn Verification Status Report,’’ 12 December 13, 3.

162

See, e.g., Li Na, ‘‘Numerous Violations Again Exposed at Apple Subcontractor Factories:

Low Wages and Long Work Hours’’ [Pingguo daigongchang zai bao duo xiang weigui: xinzi di

gongzuo shijian chang], 21st Century Business Herald, 18 August 14; Neil Gough and Brian X.

Chen, ‘‘Groups Accuse Apple Supplier in China of Labor Violations,’’ New York Times, 4 Sep-

tember 14; Yan Ying, ‘‘4 Workers at Apple Subcontractor Recently Died From Illness, Including

One 15 Year Old; Pegatron’s Response: Problem With Hiring Child Labor Is in Examining Iden-

tification in Recruitment’’ [Pingguo daigongchang 4 ming yuangong yin bing zai jinqi siwang,

qizhong yi ren jin 15 sui, heshuo keji huiying: tonggong yong wenti shenfenzheng tongguo zhao

gong hecha], Shanghai Morning Post, 13 December 13.

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