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Bruscino
The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas,
1982); Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the
World since 1776 (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifin, 1997), 101–121; Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting
for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-
American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press); Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph:
How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and
Giroux, 2002); Thomas D. Schoonover, Uncle Sam’s War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization
(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2003); Eric T. Love, Race Over Empire: Racism
and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004),
159–195; and Silbey, War of Frontier and Empire, 50–60.
4. The best account is still Richard E. Welch, Response to Imperialism: The United States and
the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press,
1979).
5. “Nervous Nelly” from Brands, Bound to Empire, 50; “Fussy Old Man” quoted in Robert T.
Davis, The US Army and the Media in the 20th Century, Long War Series Occasional Paper 31 (Fort
Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2009), 13–14.
6. A catalog of claims of misconduct from the time can be found in Secretary Root’s Record
(Boston, MA: George H. Ellis Printers, 1902). An excellent discussion of the dimensions of atrocities
in the war is Linn, Philippine War, esp. 219–224.
7. Linn, Philippine War, 124–125; “Charge Against Metcalf,” Los Angeles Times,
24 November 1899, 3; Thomas W. Crouch, A Leader of Volunteers: Frederick Funston and the
20th Kansas in the Philippines, 1898–1899 (Lawrence, KS: Coronado Press, 1984), 214–233; and
Welch, Response to Imperialism, 133.
8. Quoted in Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 88–89. See also Luzviminda Francisco,
“Philippine-American War,” in Philippine Reader, eds. Schirmer and Shalom, 13–14; and Kramer,
Blood of Government, 141–142.
9. See the reprints of newspaper accounts in Secretary Root’s Record, 60–66. Historical
studies include Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 250–252; Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 306; and
Kramer, Blood of Government, 140–142.
10. Life 39 (22 May 1902), cover.
11. Sullivan, Our Times, Vol. I, 542; and Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 168–170.
12. Mark Twain, “A Defence of General Funston,” North American Review 174 (May 1902).
See also, Jim Zwick, “Mark Twain’s Anti-Imperialist Writings in the ‘American Century,’” in
Vestiges of War, ed. Shaw and Francia, 38–68.
13. The best overall account of the campaigns and controversy is Linn, The Philippine War,
277–321. See also, Glenn Anthony May, Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), and Ramsey, A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare. A
somewhat earlier and less reported version of a similar style campaign occurred in Marinduque from
April 1900 to April 1901, and is aptly covered in Andrew J. Birtle, “The U.S. Army’s Pacication
of Marinduque, Philippine Islands, April 1900–April 1901,” Journal of Military History 61 (April
1997): 255–282.
14. Henry F. Graff, ed., American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection (Boston,
MA: Little Brown, 1969), xvi; US Senate, Affairs in the Philippine Islands, Hearings before the
Committee on the Philippines of the United States Senate, S. Doc. 331, 57th Cong., 1st sess., 1902;
and Welch, Response to Imperialism, 136–138.
15. “General Miles Report on the Philippines,” Army and Navy Journal 40 (2 May 1903): 862;
or the reprint, The Philippines: Reports by Lieutenant-General Nelson A. Miles, U.S.A. (Boston,
MA: Anti Imperialist League, 1909), 8. An example of detailed newspaper coverage was “Gen.