Diversity in Video Lectures: Aid or Hindrance?
Fanguy, Costley
,
Baldwin, Lange, and Wang
47
cognitive load in students (Kolfschoten, Lukosch, Verbraeck, Valentin, & Vreede, 2010; Sweller et al., 1998).
Germane load contributes to learning directly and reflects the learner’s attempt to construct schema to
improve comprehension of relevant information. Furthermore, germane load has been shown to strongly
influence a student’s likelihood to maintain focus within a learning environment (Sweller et al., 1998). To
increase the level of germane load, extraneous load must be reduced so that a greater portion of the learner’s
available cognitive capacity can be devoted to mental processes relevant to the learning task (Cierniak et
al., 2009; Leppink et al., 2013; Schmeck, Opfermann, van Gog, Paas, & Leutner, 2015). To do so, instruction
should be presented in a format that can be easily understood by learners (Bruner, 2009).
Diversity in the presentation of media influences student perception of video lectures and affects their
cognitive processing (Kalyuga et al., 1998; Mayer & Moreno, 2003; Lowe, 1999; Mayer, 2014; Sims &
Hegarty, 1997; Rasch & Schnotz, 2009; Schnotz & Rasch, 2005; Sweller, 1999; Sweller et al., 1998; van
Merriënboer, 1997). A number of empirical studies add support to the theoretical claims that diverse
presentation of visual media increases germane load by enabling greater comprehension of the information
being presented. Day et al. (2006) found that more audio and visual diversity in lessons led to increased
levels of understanding and recall, as shown in post-test retention scores and indicated levels of
comprehension. A study by Kim et al. (2011) indicated that perceived learning increased when students
were exposed various integrated media such as images, graphics, audio, and video clips. Other studies claim
that presenting the same information several times through diverse forms of media enables students to
improve their comprehension of the material (Paivio, 1991; Schmidt-Weigand & Scheiter, 2011). Zhang,
Zhou, Briggs, and Nunamaker (2006) provide empirical evidence that germane load increased with the
total diversity of media. The results of the study showed that learners who experienced both auditory and
visual delivery (PPT slides and video with audio) achieved improved learning outcomes compared to those
who received only visual delivery (PPT slides and lecture notes). Cheon and Grant (2012) found that a
metaphorical interface containing pictorial form as well as text can enhance germane load and positively
affect learning, while Costley and Lange (2017b) found that overall, there was a positive relationship
between diversity of media used in lectures and germane load. These results support the idea that total
media diversity helps to increase student levels of germane load with regard to information that is presented
in e-learning lectures.
Other research suggests that instructors should use caution, particularly under certain conditions, when
adding visual media such as animation or simulated pictures. While visuals are widely acknowledged to
have a facilitating effect (Lowe, 1999; Sims & Hegarty, 1997; Schnotz & Rasch, 2005; Rasch & Schnotz,
2009; Salomon, 1994; Sweller & Chandler, 1994; van Gog et al., 2005), some studies have shown that the
facilitating effect may not always increase levels of germane load (Schnotz & Rasch, 2005; Rasch & Schnotz,
2009). For instance, it has been stated that the use of images and animations often leads to superfluous
cognitive processing for students who are able to comprehend the content without the use of such visuals
(Rasch & Schnotz, 2009; Schnotz & Rasch, 2005). Other studies claim that repeating the same information
through several forms of media causes a redundancy effect, leading to unnecessary cognitive processing
(Kalyuga et al., 1999; Mayer & Moreno, 2003) and decreased germane load (Sweller et al., 1998).
Visual Diversity and the Split-Attention Effect
When viewing lecture videos, learners may engage in a number of lecture behaviors such as pausing the